Ultralow oil-water IFTs using neutralized oxidized hydrocarbons as surfactants

Surfactants that may be suitable for application in enhanced oil recovery have been produced from C₂₂ and C₂₆ paraffinic and naphthenic petroleum fractions by a two-step process. The hydrocarbon feed stocks were first oxidized in the vapor-phase, followed by neutralization of the oxidized products with aqueous alkali. As a result, dilute solutions of organic acid salts were produced that achieved ultralow (<10⁻² dyne/cm) interfacial tensions against a synthetic oil. Surfactant solutions that exhibited the lowest interfacial tensions (IFTs) were prepared from neutralizations that used low concentrations of sodium hydroxide rather than sodium silicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, or sodium carbonate. Neutralizations that used sodium silicate or sodium carbonate resulted in surfactant solutions having IFT profiles that were less sensitive to the electrolyte concentration. When sodium hydroxide was combined with either sodium silicate or sodium tripolyphosphate in the neutralizations, solutions having intermediate IFT properties were produced. The amount of alkali used in the neutralizations was observed to affect the IFT properties of the resultant surfactant solution. The electrolyte concentration at which the minimum IFT occurred was inversely related to the pH of the surfactant solution. For surfactant solutions of common pH prepared from different concentrations of oxidized product, the minimum IFTs all occurred at the same concentration of electrolyte. Surfactant solutions remained interfacially active even in the presence of significant concentrations of calcium chloride. One pore volume of a solution containing only about 1% of active surfactant recovered 42.0% of the residual oil in a tertiary core-flood experiment.     

Microstructures and Dielectric Properties of Pure and Doped KNbO3 Ceramics

Regions consisting of grains of pronounced cubic develpment exist in pure KNbO₃ ceramics which exhibit a temperature dependence of dielectric constant very similar to that of KNbO₃ crystals. KNbO₃ ceramics doped with GeO₂-K₂O additives have small grains, semiconducting resistance, and a different curve of dielectric constant versus temperature. As the average grain size decreases, the shape of the curve differs increasingly from that of KNbO₃ crystals.     

Reaction injection molding of polyureas. II: Rheo-kinetic changes and model simulation

An experimental and theoretical study of reaction injection molding (RIM) of polyurea was conducted in this work. A lab-scale RIM machine was used to carry out the polyurea bulk polymerizations. A “free-table” viscometer was designed to measure the fast rheological changes and liquid-solid transition. A mathematical model was proposed to simulate the fast reaction and rheological changes in the polyurea RIM process. The parameters of this model were determined based on the solution polymerization data from FTIR and Haake rheometer measurements. Combined with an appropriate heat transfer equation, this model predicts fairly well the adiabatic temperature and viscosity rises of bulk polyurea reactions in RIM.     

在外场作用下三量子比特量子纠缠演化特性的研究

采用相干态正交化展开方法,对三量子比特的纠缠度影响因素进行了分析研究,并运用数值计算,结合解析解,在光场初态为真空态的相互作用过程中,对三量子比特的纠缠情况进行了研究.分析了三个全同的量子比特纠缠度随光场频率的变化规律以及光场量子比特耦合强度对三量子比特纠缠度的影响.研究结果表明,三量子比特的本征能量和共生纠缠度随光场...     

移动互联网时代充值支付在新渠道快速上线的体系分析

随着网络的快速发展和手机功能的不断强大,互联网发生了用户习惯的大改变。为了更好地适应顾客消费习惯的改变,以服务赢得用户、跟随用户的步伐拓展渠道成为中国移动当前业务发展的新方向,秉持为客户提供最便利的服务的宗旨,开展建设互联网充值新渠道。文章以中国移动为例,介绍了其互联网时代充值支付在新渠道快速上线的体系,并结合当前形势进行简单的分析。     

Detecting Hot Road Mobility of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) can provide value-added services to both drivers and passengers with on-board vehicular communication systems. Node mobility and volatile wireless connection in VANETs affect inter-contact time (T _I ) between mobile nodes, which greatly degrades the performance of vehicular applications. Nevertheless, the node spatial distribution in VANETs is another important factor especially in real applications. It positively affects the inter-contact time of vehicular nodes. By leveraging it, we can significantly improve the performance of data transmissions and inter-vehicle communication. To this end, we investigate the data collected from around 4,000 taxisin Shanghai and propose in this paper an efficient hot road mobility model. We find that most taxis distribute on some hot roads, which makes the node spatial distribution follow the power law. Based on this observation, we propose the concepts of indirect contact and heterogeneous inter-contact time (T _H ) to reveal how hot roads can change the distribution of inter-contact time. We find that the tail distribution of T _H also appears the power law, and both node spatial distribution and T _H distribution decay at least as the power law. We further propose a model for detecting vehicle mobility in hot roads, which can generates synthetic traces that captures both spatial and temporal features of nodes in VANETs.     

CLTC: a cluster-based topology control for ad hoc networks

The topology of an ad hoc network has a significant impact on its performance in that a dense topology may induce high interference and low capacity, while a sparse topology is vulnerable to link failure and network partitioning. Topology control aims to maintain a topology that optimizes network performance while minimizing energy consumption. Existing topology control algorithms utilize either a purely centralized or a purely distributed approach. A centralized approach, although able to achieve strong connectivity (k-connectivity for k /spl ges/ 2), suffers from scalability problems. In contrast, a distributed approach, although scalable, lacks strong connectivity guarantees. We propose a hybrid topology control framework, cluster-based topology control (CLTC) that achieves both scalability and strong connectivity. By varying the algorithms utilized in each of the three phases of the framework, a variety of optimization objectives and topological properties can be achieved. In this paper, we present the CLTC framework; describe topology control algorithms based on CLTC and prove that k-connectivity is achieved using those algorithms; analyze the message complexity of an implementation of CLTC, namely, CLTC-A, and present simulation studies that evaluate the effectiveness of CLTC-A for a range of networks.     

Linearity and power characteristics of SiGe HBTs at high temperatures for RF applications

In this paper, the power gain, power-added efficiency (PAE) and linearity of power SiGe heterojunction-bipolar transistors at various temperatures have been presented. The power characteristics were measured using a two-tone load-pull system. For transistors biased with fixed base voltage, the small-signal power gain and PAE of the devices increase with increasing temperature at low base voltages, while they decrease at high base voltages. Besides, the linearity is improved at high temperature for all voltage biases. However, for devices with fixed collector current, the small-signal power gain, PAE, and linearity are nearly unchanged with temperature. The temperature dependence of power and linearity characteristics can be understood by analyzing the cutoff frequency, the collector current, Kirk effect and nonlinearities of transconductance at different temperatures.     

LMS adaptive filters using distributed arithmetic for high throughput

We present a new hardware adaptive filter architecture for very high throughput LMS adaptive filters using distributed arithmetic (DA). DA uses bit-serial operations and look-up tables (LUTs) to implement high throughput filters that use only about one cycle per bit of resolution regardless of filter length. However, building adaptive DA filters requires recalculating the LUTs for each adaptation which can negate any performance advantages of DA filtering. By using an auxiliary LUT with special addressing, the efficiency and throughput of DA adaptive filters can be of the same order as fixed DA filters. In this paper, we discuss a new hardware adaptive filter structure for very high throughput LMS adaptive filters. We describe the development of DA adaptive filters and show that practical implementations of DA adaptive filters have very high throughput relative to multiply and accumulate architectures. We also show that DA adaptive filters have a potential area and power consumption advantage over digital signal processing microprocessor architectures.     

Directly assembled quantum dots on one dimension ordered TiO2 nanostructure in aqueous solution for improving photocatalytic activity

One dimension (1D) ordered titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructured photocatalysts sensitized by quantum dots (QDs) are fabricated. Their morphologies, crystal structures and photocatalytic properties are characterized by scanning elec-tron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-vis-NIR) absorption spectroscopy, respectively. Compared with the original TiO2 nanostructure, the nanostructured TiO2 sensitized by QDs exhibits a good photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methyl orange (MO). The QDs with core-shell structure can reduce the photocatalytic ability due to the higher potential barrier of carrier transport in ZnS shell layer. The results indicate that the proposed photocatalyst shows promising potential for the application in organic dye degradation.