Fatty acid composition of spanish shortenings with special emphasis on <Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis> unsaturation content as determined by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography

A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic procedure was used to analyze 34 edible fats (22 shortenings and 12 vegetable margarines) as neat fats (IR_NF) to determine their total trans fatty acid (TFA) content. The sloping baseline was corrected with a reference spectrum based on a nonprocessed olive oil. The calibration was done using seven partially hydrogenated fats with an individual TFA content previously determined by the combination of gas chromatography (GC) with argentation thin-layer chromatography. Taking into account the different absorptivities of various trans isomers, different correction factors were calculated using the calibration standards (0.83 and 1.71 for single trans bonds in both diethylene and triethylene and for trans, trans-diethylene fatty acids, respectively) and applied to calculate the total TFA of samples. Moreover, the samples were converted to their methyl esters and reanalyzed following the same procedure (IR_FAME). Differences in TFA content of fats were not found when a t-test was used to compare the results obtained by IR_NF vs. either IR_FAME or GC, suggesting that IR of neat fats could be used, thus avoiding the need to prepare sample solutions in organic solvents and to prepare fatty acid methyl esters. The mean TFA content (determined by IR_NF) of a representative group of Spanish shortenings (22 samples) that varied widely in terms of fat sources, processes, and purposes (bakery, sandwiches, ice cream, coatings, chocolate coverings) was 6.55±11.40%, although more than 54% contained <3% of TFA. Fatty acid composition of shortenings by direct GC using a 100-m polar cyanopolysiloxane capillary column indicated that the mean trans-18∶2 isomer content was 0.58%, ranging from 0.9 to 3.4%. Small amounts of trans-18∶3 isomers (<0.3%) were observed in 18 of the 22 shortenings studied; the maximal value was <2%. The mean value of the fraction saturated+TFA of shortenings was high (59.95±12.73%), including two values higher than 83%.     

Experimental analysis of bubble mode in a plate-type absorber

An experimental analysis of ammonia-water absorption was performed in a plate-type absorber. The flow of water and ammonia gas was performed in the bubble mode. The experiments were made to examine the effects of solution flow rate and gas flow rate on the performance of the absorber. It was found that the increase of solution flow rate rarely affected the mass transfer, but improved the heat transfer. As the gas flow rate increased, slugging occurred in the bubble mode and influenced the thermal boundary layer. Finally, the results were converted into dimensionless numbers to elucidate physical phenomena and plotted as Sherwood number versus Reynolds number for mass transfer performance and Nusselt number versus Reynolds number for heat transfer performance.     

Durable antimicrobial treatment of cotton fabrics using N‐(2‐hydroxy)propyl‐3‐trimethylammonium chitosan chloride and polycarboxylic acids

N‐(2‐hydroxy)propyl‐3‐trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC), a water‐soluble chitosan quaternary ammonium derivative, was used as an antimicrobial agent for cotton fabrics. HTCC has a lower minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli compared to that of chitosan; however, the imparted antimicrobial activity is lost on laundering. Thus crosslinking agents were utilized to obtain a durable antimicrobial treatment by immobilizing HTCC. Several crosslinkers such as dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU), butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), and citric acid (CA) were used with HTCC to improve the laundering durability of HTCC treatment by covalent bond formation between the crosslinker, HTCC and cellulose. The polycarboxylic acid treatment was superior to the DMDHEU treatment in terms of prolonged antimicrobial activity of the treated cotton after successive laundering. Also, the cotton treated with HTCC and BTCA showed improved durable press properties without excessive deterioration in mechanical strength or whiteness when compared to the citric acid treatment. With the addition of only 0.1% HTCC to BTCA solutions, the treated fabrics showed durable antimicrobial activity up to 20 laundering cycles. The wrinkle recovery angle and strength retention of the treated fabrics were not adversely affected with the addition of HTCC. Therefore, BTCA can be used with HTCC in one bath to impart durability of antimicrobial activity along with durable press properties to cotton fabric. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1567–1572, 2003     

Preparation and characterizations of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate)

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels based on poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate) were prepared by radical polymerization using 2,2‐dimethyl‐2‐phenylacetophenone and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as initiators and crosslinkers, respectively. The IPN hydrogels were analyzed for sorption behavior at 25°C and at a relative humidity of 95% using dynamic vapor sorption. The IPN hydrogels exhibited a relatively high equilibrium water content in the range of 13–68%. The state of water in the swollen IPN hydrogels was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The free water in the hydrogels increased as the hydrophilic content increased. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 258–262, 2003     

Study on the thermoplastic vulcanizate using ultrasonically treated rubber powder

Nowadays, waste EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) increasingly has been causing significant environmental problems with increasing numbers of vehicles. From the perspective of the environment and economics, recycling is the best method to treat waste materials. This study investigated waste EPDM/PP (polypropylene) blends with waste EPDM. Waste EPDM powders were treated ultrasonically, which physically modifies the rubber particles to confer good mechanical properties. Also investigated were the relevance of the mass percentage of the dispersed phase, the influence of the geometry and rotation speeds of the screw used in extrusion, and the melting temperature of PP materials on the morphology and mechanical properties of the blend. The purpose of this study was to develop a valuable thermoplastic elastomer from waste EPDM. This study concentrated on determining the optimum conditions for producing a blend by extrusion, including parameters of screw geometry, screw rotational speed, and operating temperature. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2503–2507, 2003     

Miscible blends of poly(n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) with poly(3-chloropropyl methacrylate), poly(2-bromoethyl methacrylate) and poly(2-iodoethyl methacrylate)

Summary Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) is miscible with poly(3-chloropropyl methacrylate), poly(2-bromoethyl methacrylate) and poly(2-iodoethyl methacrylate) as shown by the optical clarity and the glass transition behaviour of the blends. The miscible blends degrade before phase separation could be induced by heating. The three T_g-composition curves can be fitted by the Gordon-Taylor equation. The implication of the Gordon-Taylor k parameters of the blends is discussed.     

铁碳微电解及Fenton氧化法在染料废水处理中的应用

探讨了铁碳微电解及Fenton氧化法的反应机理、影响因素,总结了微电解和Fenton氧化法的优缺点,概述了微电解与Fenton氧化法联用在废水处理中的应用及其发展前景。     

3,5-二甲基-4-叔丁基-2,6,7-双环硫化磷酸酯的合成

以乙酰丙酮为起始原料,经烷基化,羟甲基化,还原,最后与PSCl3环合,成功合成了1-硫代-1-磷杂-3,5-二甲基-4-叔丁基-2,6,7-三氧杂双环[2,2,2]辛烷.目标化合物及部分中间体的结构均通过1H NMR、MS进行了结构确证.     

非饱和膨胀土水分迁移的试验研究

在等温条件下,分组对不同初始干-湿段土体含水量、不同时间间隔对非饱和膨胀土的气态水迁移和气液态水混合迁移的规律及其关系进行试验研究,揭示了其随时间的变化过程。试验结果表明,土质情况、含水量水平及含水量梯度对其有重要影响,气态水迁移量与气液混合迁移量都随含水量梯度增加而增加,与时间和位置呈复杂的非线性关系;含水量较小时,土粒对水分的吸附能力较强,致使含水量梯度较大,含水量较大时,土粒周围自由水较多,水分分布较均匀。     

Effect of SiO2 addition on the dielectric properties and microstructure of BaTiO3-based ceramics in reducing sintering

The effect of SiO2 doping on the sintering behavior,microstructure,and dielectric properties of BaTiO3-based ceramics has been investigated.Silica was added to the BaTiO3-based powder prepared by the solid state method with 0.075mo1%,0.15mo1%,and 0.3mo1%,respectively.The SiO2-doped BaTiO3-based ceramic with high density and uniform grain size were obtained,which were sintered in reducing atmosphere.A scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffraction,and LCR meter were used to determine the microstructure as well as the dielectric properties.SiO2 can form a liquid phase belonging to the ternary system of BaO-TiO2-SiO2,leading to the formation of BaTiO3 ceramics with high density at a lower sintering temperature.The SiO2-doped BaTiO3-based ce-ramics can be sintered to a theoretical density higher than 95% at 1220℃ with a soaking time of 2 h.The dielectric constants of the sample with 0.15mo1% SiO2 addition sintered at 1220℃ is about 9000.Doping with a small amount of silica can improve the sinter-ing and dielectric properties of BaTiO3-based ceramics.