Synthesis of thioesters and thioamides under solvothermal condition using thiourea as thionating agent

A simple, rapid, high-yielding and environmentally benign method for the conversion of esters and amides to the corresponding thio compounds was carried out using thiourea as thionating agent under solvothermal reaction. All the compounds isolated in good yields were characterized both by spectral analysis and comparing them with the authentic samples synthesized using the literature method.     

Metafile-Based Scalable Caching and Dynamic Replacing Algorithms for Multiple Videos Over Quality-of-Service Networks

This paper presents metafile-based scalable caching and dynamic replacing algorithms for multiple videos over quality-of-service networks. A metafile for each video includes the cached-frame sequence, which is made by scalable caching algorithm minimizing client's buffer size and channel bandwidth under the general video traffic condition. Based on the metafiles, we propose a caching algorithm for multiple videos to effectively reduce both the buffer size and the required bandwidth and replacing algorithm to dynamically update the cached frames when user access pattern changes. Finally, experimental results are provided to compare the proposed algorithms with various existing caching and replacing algorithms.     

Leukemic meningitis in B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. A clinical, pathologic, and ultrastructural case study and a review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Leukemic meningitis is rare in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and B-prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL); a MEDLINE search for reports published 1960 and after disclosed only nine prior reports. A patient with stable Rai Stage II CLL/PL developed mental status changes. Lumbar puncture revealed a lymphocytic pleocytosis with prolymphocytes containing intracytoplasmic inclusions. METHODS: The patient's cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte population was analyzed by immunophenotyping and electron microscopy. RESULTS: The studies revealed a clonal population of B prolymphocytes, with typical immunophenotypic and ultrastructural characteristics. The patient was treated with intrathecal chemotherapy with eventual resolution of the cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and return to his normal neurologic status. Prior studies also have revealed the efficacy of intrathecal chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Leukemic meningitis in CLL or PLL is responsive to treatment with intrathecal chemotherapy.     

Use of waste hot water in double basin solar still

A periodic analysis of a double basin solar still is presented in this paper. In this still waste hot water is fed into the lower basin at a constant rate such as is available from power stations or other industries. The effect of various parameters on the distillate output of the still is also investigated.     

Ethylene glycol retention method for estimating specific surface area of adsorbent carbons

Ethylene glycol retention method, standardised by Dyal and Hendricks for clays and soils, has been used for determining specific surface areas of a large variety of adsorbent carbons differing widely in the extent as well as chemical nature of their surfaces. The proposed method yields values comparable with those obtained by the gaseous adsorption methods, irrespective of the oxygen contents of the carbons. A small amount of oxygen, probably within 0.2%, is essential to bring about proper wetting of the carbon by glycol.     

Serological study of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal

Antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) were examined in 356 serum samples from individuals visiting Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital using neutralization test. A total of 13.2% (47/356) seropositivity was observed. Antibody positivity against both Nakayama-NIH and Beijing-1 strains was seen in 7.9% subjects. Infection by Nakayama-NIH strain alone was seen to be 4.2% while 1.1% of study populations were found to be infected only by Beijing-1 strain. High antibody titer was observed in the 20-40 years age-group and did not increase with age. Seropositivity was more common in zone-A (Tarai) area compared to zone-B (Hills) and zone-C (Mountains). Spectrum of antigenicity of JEV in zone-A as shown by neutralization test was identical to Indian isolates (strains). Difference in seropositivity was observed against Nakayama-NIH and Beijing-1 strain in zone-B and C indicating recent spread of JEV in these areas.     

Observations of grain boundary sliding during superplastic deformation

Flat test specimens of a 10-micron grain size Al-33 pct Cu alloy were deformed in air over a range of strains at 450 °C (723 K) and at 10^-5 strain per second, and examined by SEM. Direct observations and measurements were also made in a SEM during superplastic deformation of a 5-micron Pb-Sn eutectic alloy at room temperature at a strain rate of about 10^-5 s^-1. Extensive grain boundary sliding was noted. Microcreep curves were obtained between initially adjacent grains and showed that deformation is cyclical in nature and varies by several orders of magnitude locally from point to point. Many surface grains are observed to change neighbors many times, to undergo some rotation and tilt, to show little change in size or shape, and yet to avoid intergranular cracking. Superplastic deformation is a highly heterogeneous process, not unlike that observed in the creep of conventional types of alloys at elevated temperatures, but differing in the extent of plastic deformation free of intergranular cracking, combined with extensive recovery in the form of boundary migration. Formerly a Graduate Student in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Engineering, then Research Manager of SAIL in Ranchi, India     

Viscosity and surface tension of p-xylene-ethylacetate liquid mixtures

Experimental density, viscosity and surface tension data are reported for p-xylene-ethylacetate mixtures at 20°. 30° and 40°C. over the entire composition range. The presence of interactions has been studied in the light of excess properties.     

Experimental results on preprocessing of path/cut terms in sim ofdisjoint products technique

Researchers have proposed cardinality-, lexicographic-, and Hamming-distance-order methods to preprocess the path terms in sum of disjoint products (SDP) techniques for network reliability analysis. For cutsets, an ordering based on the node partition associated with each cut is suggested. Experimental results showing the number of disjoint products and computer time involved in generating SDP terms are presented. Nineteen benchmark networks containing paths varying from 4 to 780, and cuts from 4 to 7376, are considered. Several SDP techniques are generalized into three propositions to find their inherent merits and drawbacks. An efficient SDP technique is then used to run input files of paths/cuts preprocesses using cardinality-, lexicographic-, and Hamming-distance-ordering, and their combinations. The results are analyzed, showing that preprocessing based on cardinality or its combinations with lexicographic-, and/or Hamming-distance-ordering performs better