Inhibiting word generation with word presentations.

The ability to generate words of a given category is found to be impaired when other words of the same category are being heard (Experiments 1–4). Little if any impairment arises from hearing words of a different category (Experiments 1, 2, and 3). This pattern of results occurs with categories defined both semantically (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) and graphemically (Experiment 3). The extent of the impairment is found to be comparable to that which occurs when other words of the same category are studied and recalled prior to generation (Experiment 4). These findings are discussed in the context of other inhibitory phenomena. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

采用FPGA实施DisplayPort

设计性能出色的全新3D电视可走"终南捷径",赛灵思介绍了其Spartan-6 FPGA消费显示套件和IP,可为DisplayPort设计带来方便.     

Probabilistic models for the prediction of target growth interfaces of Listeria monocytogenes on ham and turkey breast products

Abstract: This study developed growth/no growth models for predicting growth boundaries of Listeria monocytogenes on ready‐to‐eat cured ham and uncured turkey breast slices as a function of lactic acid concentration (0% to 4%), dipping time (0 to 4 min), and storage temperature (4 to 10 °C). A 10‐strain composite of L. monocytogenes was inoculated (2 to 3 log CFU/cm²) on slices, followed by dipping into lactic acid and storage in vacuum packages for up to 30 d. Total bacterial (tryptic soy agar plus 0.6% yeast extract) and L. monocytogenes (PALCAM agar) populations were determined on day 0 and at the endpoint of storage. The combinations of parameters that allowed increases in cell counts of L. monocytogenes of at least l log CFU/cm² were assigned the value of 1, while those limiting growth to <1 log CFU/cm² were given the value of 0. The binary data were used in logistic regression analysis for development of models to predict boundaries between growth and no growth of the pathogen at desired probabilities. Indices of model performance and validation with limited available data indicated that the models developed had acceptable goodness of fit. Thus, the described procedures using bacterial growth data from studies with food products may be appropriate in developing growth/no growth models to predict growth and to select lactic acid concentrations and dipping times for control of L. monocytogenes. Practical Application: The models developed in this study may be useful in selecting lactic acid concentrations and dipping times to control growth of Listeria monocytogenes on cured ham and uncured turkey breast during product storage, and in determining probabilities of growth under selected conditions. The modeling procedures followed may also be used for application in model development for other products, conditions, or pathogens.     

Influence of organic acid concentration on survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in beef carcass wash water and on model equipment surfaces

Acid-adapted cultures of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes were inoculated in meat decontamination spray-washing runoff fluids in order to evaluate their survival and potential to form biofilms on stainless steel coupons. The cultures (10⁷ cfu ml⁻¹) and stainless steel coupons were exposed to mixtures of water and organic acid washings (composites of each of 2% acetic acid or lactic acid washings with water washings from meat decontamination in proportions of 1/9, 1/49, 1/99 [vol/vol]) or to water washings for up to 14 days at 15°C. E. coli O157:H7 formed biofilms and remained detectable (1.3 log cfu cm⁻²) on stainless steel for up to 4 d in the 1/9 dilution (pH 3.17–3.77) of the organic acid washings, and persisted throughout storage (14 d) in the 1/49 (pH 3.96–4.33) and 1/99 (pH 4.34–6.86) dilution of the organic acid washings. L. monocytogenes populations were unable to form detectable (<1.3 log cfu cm⁻²) biofilms in the 1/9 and 1/49 dilutions of both organic acid washings for up to 14 d; however, by day-14 in the 1/99 dilution of the washings, the pathogen was able to attach at detectable levels (2.7 to 3.4 logs). The pH effects of lower concentrations (1/49 or 1/99) of acidic washings decreased over time due to the formation of amine compounds produced by the natural meat flora, allowing resuscitation of the acid-stressed pathogen survivors. The resuscitation of acid-stressed pathogens may potentially enhance their survival and prevalence in biofilms and thus more attention should be focused on avoiding or minimizing the collection of decontamination runoff fluids on food contact equipment surfaces.     

Concepts for Alternative Suburban Planning in the Northern Phoenix Area

As part of ongoing cooperation between the City of Phoenix and Arizona State University, a charrette was organized. Planners, landscape architects, environmental scientists, and architects explored concepts for development within a 110-square-mile (285-km2) portion of Phoenix. The charrette was the summation of over a year of environment studies of the planning area. This part of northern Phoenix occupies a largely undeveloped upper Sonoran desert landscape experiencing intense development pressure. Four charrette teams addressed desert preservation, rural desert development, suburban desert development, and growth corridors. This article focuses on some of the strategies proposed by the suburban desert development team. One of these called for an alternative pattern of development aligned with natural drainage corridors. Several concepts from the charrette and findings from the environmental research were adopted by the City in the revised general plan for the area.     

Novel vectorial analysis of optical waveguides

A nonlinear iterative (NLI) method, originally developed by Hewson-Browne in geomagnetism, is applied to the vectorial analysis of optical waveguides. The method explicitly shows the interrelations between the scalar, polarized and vectorial operators and can be conveniently implemented using finite difference methods. Excellent accuracy in the normalized propagation constant is claimed along with agreement with earlier work and field distributions. The method presented enables vector results to be obtained simply by using computer programs, often available, for either polarized or scalar modes. This procedure proves more efficient than a standard vectorial finite difference technique     

A comparison of infants' and adults' sensitivity to Western musical structure.

28 adults and 48 8-mo-old infants listened to repeated transpositions of a 10-note melody exemplifying the rules of Western tonal music. They were tested for their detection of 2 types of changes to that melody: (1) a 4-semitone change in 1 note that remained within the key and implied dominant harmony (diatonic change) or (2) a 1-semitone change in the same note that went outside the key (nondiatonic change). Adults easily detected the nondiatonic change but had difficulty with the diatonic change. Infants detected both changes equally well, performing better than adults in some circumstances. These findings imply that there are qualitative differences in infants' and adults' processing of musical information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Distribution of monoclonal antibodies in intestinal and urogenital secretions of mice bearing hybridoma ''backpack'' tumours

Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection may manifest itself as a benign lymphoproliferative disorder, infections mononucleosis (IM). EBV infection has been characterized in lymphoreticular tissues from nine patients with IM using the abundantly expressed EBV-encoded nuclear RNAs (EBERs) as a marker of latent infection. Expression of the virus-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA) 2 and of the latent membrane protein (LMP) 1 was seen in variable proportions of cells in all cases. Double labelling revealed heterogeneous expression patterns of these proteins. Thus, in addition to cells revealing phenotypes consistent with latencies I (EBNA2-/LMP1-) and III (EBNA2+/LMP1+), cells displaying a latency II pattern (EBNA2-/LMP1+) were observed. Cells expressing EBNA2 but not LMP1 were also detected; whilst this may represent a transitory phenomenon, the exact significance of this observation is at present uncertain. EBER-specific in situ hybridization in conjunction with immunohistochemistry revealed expression of the EBERs mainly in B-lymphocytes, many of which showed features of plasma cell differentiation. By contrast, convincing evidence of latent EBV infection was not found in T-cells, epithelial or endothelial cells. Double-labelling immunohistochemistry revealed expression of the replication-associated BZLF1 protein in small lymphoid cells, often showing plasmacytoid differentiation. There was no unambiguous expression of this protein in other cell types. These results suggest that B-cells are the primary target of EBV infection and that plasma cells may be a source of infectious virus found in the saliva of IM patients.     

Social evaluation and the empathy–altruism hypothesis.

Tested the claim of R. L. Archer et al (see record 1982-05783-001) that empathy leads to increased helping only under socially evaluative circumstances. In Exp I, 22 female undergraduates were led to believe that no one (including the person in need) would ever know if they declined to help. In this situation, which was designed to be devoid of the potential for negative social evaluation for not helping, there was still a positive relationship between self-reported empathic emotion and offering help. In Exp II, empathy (low vs high) and social evaluation (low vs high) were manipulated with 32 Ss. Once again there was a positive relationship between empathy and offering help when the potential for social evaluation was low as well as high. Results of both studies suggest that the motivation to help evoked by empathy is not egoistic motivation to avoid negative social evaluation. Instead, the observed pattern was what would be expected if empathy evokes altruistic motivation to reduce the victim's need. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)