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11.
Realizing quality improvement through test driven development: results and experiences of four industrial teams 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Nachiappan Nagappan E. Michael Maximilien Thirumalesh Bhat Laurie Williams 《Empirical Software Engineering》2008,13(3):289-302
Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development practice that has been used sporadically for decades. With this practice,
a software engineer cycles minute-by-minute between writing failing unit tests and writing implementation code to pass those
tests. Test-driven development has recently re-emerged as a critical enabling practice of agile software development methodologies.
However, little empirical evidence supports or refutes the utility of this practice in an industrial context. Case studies
were conducted with three development teams at Microsoft and one at IBM that have adopted TDD. The results of the case studies
indicate that the pre-release defect density of the four products decreased between 40% and 90% relative to similar projects
that did not use the TDD practice. Subjectively, the teams experienced a 15–35% increase in initial development time after
adopting TDD.
Nachiappan Nagappan is a researcher in the Software Reliability Research group at Microsoft Research. He received his MS and PhD from North Carolina State University in 2002 and 2005, respectively. His research interests are in software reliability, software measurement and empirical software engineering. Dr. E. Michael Maximilien (aka “max”) is a research staff member at IBM’s Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California. Prior to joining ARC, he spent ten years at IBM’s Research Triangle Park, N.C., in software development and architecture. He led various small- to medium-sized teams, designing and developing enterprise and embedded Java™ software; he is a founding member and contributor to three worldwide Java and UML industry standards. His primary research interests lie in distributed systems and software engineering, especially Web services and APIs, mashups, Web 2.0, SOA (service-oriented architecture), and Agile methods and practices. He can be reached through his Web site (maximilien.org) and blog (blog.maximilien.com). Thirumalesh Bhat is a Development Manager at Microsoft Corporation. He has worked on several versions of Windows and other commercial software systems at Microsoft. He is interested in software reliability, testing, metrics and software processes. Laurie Williams is an associate professor of computer science at North Carolina State University. She teaches software engineering and software reliability and testing. Prior to joining NCSU, she worked at IBM for nine years, including several years as a manager of a software testing department and as a project manager for a large software project. She was one of the founders of the XP Universe conference in 2001, the first US-based conference on agile software development. She is also the lead author of the Pair Programming Illuminated book and a co-editor of the Extreme Programming Perspectives book. 相似文献
Laurie WilliamsEmail: |
Nachiappan Nagappan is a researcher in the Software Reliability Research group at Microsoft Research. He received his MS and PhD from North Carolina State University in 2002 and 2005, respectively. His research interests are in software reliability, software measurement and empirical software engineering. Dr. E. Michael Maximilien (aka “max”) is a research staff member at IBM’s Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California. Prior to joining ARC, he spent ten years at IBM’s Research Triangle Park, N.C., in software development and architecture. He led various small- to medium-sized teams, designing and developing enterprise and embedded Java™ software; he is a founding member and contributor to three worldwide Java and UML industry standards. His primary research interests lie in distributed systems and software engineering, especially Web services and APIs, mashups, Web 2.0, SOA (service-oriented architecture), and Agile methods and practices. He can be reached through his Web site (maximilien.org) and blog (blog.maximilien.com). Thirumalesh Bhat is a Development Manager at Microsoft Corporation. He has worked on several versions of Windows and other commercial software systems at Microsoft. He is interested in software reliability, testing, metrics and software processes. Laurie Williams is an associate professor of computer science at North Carolina State University. She teaches software engineering and software reliability and testing. Prior to joining NCSU, she worked at IBM for nine years, including several years as a manager of a software testing department and as a project manager for a large software project. She was one of the founders of the XP Universe conference in 2001, the first US-based conference on agile software development. She is also the lead author of the Pair Programming Illuminated book and a co-editor of the Extreme Programming Perspectives book. 相似文献
12.
Scientific
activity has been increasing in Puerto Rico in recent years, a development
mirrored not only by the amount of papers published, but by the international
links established for scientific co-operation. The purpose of the present study
is to identify and discuss the patterns of such co-operation, along with the
trends in scientific research conducted in that context at Puerto Rican
institutions. The methodology includes an analysis of the main areas of
research addressed, defined as the area of specialization of the journals
publishing papers indexed in the Science Citation Index (CD-ROM version) from
1980 to 1999. A total of 7271 studies, appearing in 1240 scientific journals,
were selected to study the co-operation established between Puerto Rican institutions
and organizations in other countries. The findings showed a high rate of
international co-operation: 46.07% of the papers published were co-authored by
researchers from other countries. The country accounting for the highest
percentage of joint research was the USA, followed by Germany, United Kingdom,
Canada and Italy. The close relationship between the Puerto Rican and US
scientific systems is not unusual, inasmuch as the economic and socio-political
bonds between them play an essential role in Puerto Rican scientific activity.
The results also revealed substantial differences between the nineteen eighties
and the nineties in terms of the nature of the links established, as well as
growing internationalization of scientific research conducted on the island
over the twenty-year period studied. 相似文献
13.
This study describes trajectories of substance use and dependence from adolescence to adulthood. Identified consumption groups include heavy drinking/heavy drug use, moderate drinking/experimental drug use, and light drinking/rare drug use. Dependence groups include alcohol only, drug only, and comorbid groups. The heavy drinking/heavy drug use group was at risk for alcohol and drug dependence and persistent dependence and showed more familial alcoholism, negative emotionality, and low constraint. The moderate drinking/experimental drug use group was at risk for alcohol dependence but not comorbid or persistent dependence and showed less negative emotionality and higher constraint. Familial alcoholism raised risk for alcohol and drug use and dependence in part because children from alcoholic families were more impulsive and lower in agreeableness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
14.
Social and economic sanctions for counterstereotypical behavior have been termed the backlash effect (L. A. Rudman, 1998). The authors present a model of the role of backlash in cultural stereotype maintenance from the standpoint of both perceivers and actors. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants lost a competition to either atypical or typical men or women and subsequently showed greater tendency to sabotage deviants. Moreover, undermining deviants was associated with increased self-esteem, suggesting that backlash rewards perceivers psychologically. Experiment 3 showed that gender deviants who feared backlash resorted to strategies designed to avoid it (e.g., hiding, deception, and gender conformity). Further, perceivers who sabotaged deviants (Experiment 2) or deviants who hid their atypicality (Experiment 3) estimated greater stereotyping on the part of future perceivers, in support of the model's presumed role for backlash in stereotype maintenance. The implications of the findings for cultural stereotypes are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
15.
Ahmad Abd-El-Aziz Angela Riveroll Blanca Esparza-Gonsalez Laurie McDuffee Alejandro M. Cohen Adam L. Fenech William J. Montelpare 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(13)
The aim of this research was to determine the impact of heat stress on cell differentiation in an equine mesenchymal stem cell model (EMSC) through the application of heat stress to primary EMSCs as they progressed through the cell specialization process. A proteomic analysis was performed using mass spectrometry to compare relative protein abundances among the proteomes of three cell types: progenitor EMSCs and differentiated osteoblasts and adipocytes, maintained at 37 °C and 42 °C during the process of cell differentiation. A cell-type and temperature-specific response to heat stress was observed, and many of the specific differentially expressed proteins were involved in cell-signaling pathways such as Notch and Wnt signaling, which are known to regulate cellular development. Furthermore, cytoskeletal proteins profilin, DSTN, SPECC1, and DAAM2 showed increased protein levels in osteoblasts differentiated at 42 °C as compared with 37 °C, and these cells, while they appeared to accumulate calcium, did not organize into a whorl agglomerate as is typically seen at physiological temperatures. This altered proteome composition observed suggests that heat stress could have long-term impacts on cellular development. We propose that this in vitro stem cell culture model of cell differentiation is useful for investigating molecular mechanisms that impact cell development in response to stressors. 相似文献
16.
Molecular Framework of Mouse Endothelial Cell Dysfunction during Inflammation: A Proteomics Approach
Michael T. Rossi Jordan C. Langston Narender Singh Carmen Merali Qingliang Yang Salim Merali Balabhaskar Prabhakarpandian Laurie E. Kilpatrick Mohammad F. Kiani 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(15)
A key aspect of cytokine-induced changes as observed in sepsis is the dysregulated activation of endothelial cells (ECs), initiating a cascade of inflammatory signaling leading to leukocyte adhesion/migration and organ damage. The therapeutic targeting of ECs has been hampered by concerns regarding organ-specific EC heterogeneity and their response to inflammation. Using in vitro and in silico analysis, we present a comprehensive analysis of the proteomic changes in mouse lung, liver and kidney ECs following exposure to a clinically relevant cocktail of proinflammatory cytokines. Mouse lung, liver and kidney ECs were incubated with TNF-α/IL-1β/IFN-γ for 4 or 24 h to model the cytokine-induced changes. Quantitative label-free global proteomics and bioinformatic analysis performed on the ECs provide a molecular framework for the EC response to inflammatory stimuli over time and organ-specific differences. Gene Ontology and PANTHER analysis suggest why some organs are more susceptible to inflammation early on, and show that, as inflammation progresses, some protein expression patterns become more uniform while additional organ-specific proteins are expressed. These findings provide an in-depth understanding of the molecular changes involved in the EC response to inflammation and can support the development of drugs targeting ECs within different organs. Data are available via ProteomeXchange (identifier PXD031804). 相似文献
17.
Scott R Boss Laurie J Kirsch Ingo Angermeier Raymond A Shingler R Wayne Boss 《欧洲信息系统杂志》2009,18(2):151-164
Information security has become increasingly important to organizations. Despite the prevalence of technical security measures, individual employees remain the key link – and frequently the weakest link – in corporate defenses. When individuals choose to disregard security policies and procedures, the organization is at risk. How, then, can organizations motivate their employees to follow security guidelines? Using an organizational control lens, we build a model to explain individual information security precaution-taking behavior. Specific hypotheses are developed and tested using a field survey. We examine elements of control and introduce the concept of ‘mandatoriness,’ which we define as the degree to which individuals perceive that compliance with existing security policies and procedures is compulsory or expected by organizational management. We find that the acts of specifying policies and evaluating behaviors are effective in convincing individuals that security policies are mandatory. The perception of mandatoriness is effective in motivating individuals to take security precautions, thus if individuals believe that management watches, they will comply. 相似文献
18.
Kate Sanders Sally Fincher Dennis Bouvier Gary Lewandowski Briana Morrison Laurie Murphy Marian Petre Brad Richards Josh Tenenberg Lynda Thomas Richard Anderson Ruth Anderson Sue Fitzgerald Alicia Gutschow Susan Haller Raymond Lister Renée McCauley John McTaggart Christine Prasad Terry Scott Dermot Shinners-Kennedy Suzanne Westbrook Carol Zander 《Expert Systems》2005,22(3):121-128
Abstract: This paper presents a case study of the use of a repeated single‐criterion card sort with an unusually large, diverse participant group. The study, whose goal was to elicit novice programmers' knowledge of programming concepts, involved over 20 researchers from four continents and 276 participants drawn from 20 different institutions. In this paper we present the design of the study and the unexpected result that there were few discernible systematic differences in the population. The study was one of the activities of the National Science Foundation funded Bootstrapping Research in Computer Science Education project (2003). 相似文献
19.
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