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101.
E Neugebauer W Lorenz D Rixen B Stinner S Sauer W Dietz 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,24(10):1670-1677
OBJECTIVE: To determine if histamine release occurs in clinical sepsis. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled, clinical study. SETTING: Interdisciplinary intensive care unit and trauma ward. PATIENTS: Sepsis was confirmed in 20 patients (test group) by the criteria of the Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group (1987) and was verified by positive blood culture. In addition, patients were scored by the Elebute and Stoner Sepsis Score (1983), as modified by Dionigi et al (1985). A concomitant control group consisted of 20 postoperative patients with non-life-threatening trauma to the extremities and without signs of local or systemic infection. INTERVENTIONS: Observational study. Blood samples were collected for determination of plasma histamine concentrations in both groups at the time of study entry and on five succeeding days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The patients were well matched, and the groups were not significantly different for all criteria known to influence histamine release. Comparison of the median values of each group on days 1 through 5 demonstrated significantly higher plasma histamine values in the test group on days 1 through 4, but these values were no longer significantly higher on day 5. While none of the nonseptic control patients achieved a plasma histamine concentration of > 1 ng/mL (the concentration of which was considered to be the pathologic cutoff point representing histamine release), these values (i.e., > 1 ng/ mL) were found in nine of 20 test group patients. In the test group, nonsurvivors (n = 9) had significantly higher plasma histamine concentrations than survivors (n = 11) throughout the whole study and eight of nine nonsurvivors showed a plasma histamine concentration of > 1 ng/mL. Correlation of plasma histamine concentrations on day 1 to sepsis severity (initial Sepsis Score) showed that all but one patient with a combined low Sepsis Score (< 20 points) and histamine concentration of < 1 ng/mL survived, while all patients with a Sepsis Score of > 20 points and histamine release (plasma histamine concentration of > 1 ng/mL) died. CONCLUSION: Increased histamine concentrations were shown to be causally associated (contributory determinant) with sepsis. 相似文献
102.
This paper describes a novel analytical method that applies a gaspotentiometric oxygen probe (GOP) for characterizing gasification behavior of solid fuels. On the basis of GOP signals a developed gasification model enables the determination of fuel‐specific properties, like effective reaction rate constant and overall activation energy. For its experimental validation two coal cokes were converted with four different gasification agents in a lab‐scale fluidized‐bed reactor. The results obtained will be discussed and compared with literature data. As this advantageous in situ measurement technique is fast, inexpensive, and easy to handle, it makes the GOP a predestined tool for monitoring and controlling gasification processes. 相似文献
103.
A dipole antenna for interstitial microwave hyperthermia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An improved interstitial microwave antenna design was investigated in static phantom experiments at 915 MHz and different insertion depths. Compared with conventional interstitial antennas, the presented dipole microwave antenna shows heating patterns which are concentrated on the dipole irrespective of the insertion depth. By analogy to interstitial radiotherapy, the microwave antenna allows a high concentration of energy in the target volume with as little damage as possible to the healthy surrounding tissue. The undesired heating of healthy tissue along the feeding line observed with conventional interstitial antennas is avoided. A λ/4 sleeve on the feeding line (which does not radiate microwave energy itself to the surrounding tissue) transforms an open end, i.e. a high impedance at the generator end of the dipole antenna. The current flowing back along the outside of the outer conductor of the feeding line in the direction of the generator is zero at this point. Both dipole sections have the same terminating impedance. Since the λ/4 sleeve is mounted outside the antenna, its mechanical length is not restricted by the mechanical length of the antenna. It can be charged with dielectric materials of low dielectricity constants 相似文献
104.
Experimentelle Untersuchung des Kriech- und Wechseldehnverhaltens des austenitischen Stahles X 6 CrNi 18 11 (Werkstoffnummer 1.4948) bei Beanspruchung durch Kriechen und Ermüden. Auswertung der Ergebnisse unter Anwendung der linearen Schadensregel. Vergleich mit Auslegungskriterien nach dem ASME BPVC. 相似文献
105.
Hans-Joachim Klimsch Lorenz Stadler und Sigurd Brahm 《Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A》1976,162(2):131-138
Zusammenfassung Aus dem Rauch verschiedener Zigaretten werden die flüchtigen Nitrosamine durch mehrfache Clean-up-Verfahren angereichert und die nach einer säurekatalysierten Denitrosierung erhaltenen Amine zu fluorescierenden Derivaten des 7-chlor-4-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) umgesetzt. Diese auf Polyamidfolien getrennten NBP-Amine werden fluorimetrisch mit einem Chromatogramm-Spektralphotometer quantitativ bestimmt. Es ergeben sich Wiederfindungsraten von 60–80% für die verschiedenen Nitrosamineaus Zigarettenrauchkondensat. Quantitativbestimmt wurden die Nitrosamine N-Nitrosodimethylamin, N-Nitrosodiäthylamin, N-Nitrosopiperidin, N-Nitrosopyrrolidin, N-Nitrosoäthylmethylamin, N-Nitroso-äthyl-n-propylamin und N-Nitroso-methyl-n-propylamin, wobei das letztgenannte Nitrosamin erstmals im Zigarettenrauch nachgewiesen wurde. Gleischzeitig wurden Korrelationen des Nitrosamingehaltes zum Gehalt des jewelligen Tabaks bzw. Kondensates an Nitrat, Gesamtstickstoff, Nicotin, flüchtigen Basen und Ammoniak untersucht, wobei sowohl der Nitratgehalt als auch der Gehalt an flüchtigen Basen Einfluß auf die Nitrosaminausbeute haben. Je nach Tabakprovenienz variiert der Gehalt der einzelnen Nitrosamine beträchtli, so daß als Kennzahl eine NNO-Bestimmung empfohlen wird.
Das Forschungsinstitut der Cigarettenindustrie e. V. wurde geschlossen 相似文献
Quantitative determination of volatile nitrosamines in cigarette smoke
Summary Volatile nitrosamines from the smoke of different cigarettes were enriched by manifold clean-up procedures. Amines obtained after acid catalyzed denitrosation were transformed to fluorescent derivates of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzofuranzane (NBD-Cl). These NBD-amines separated on polyamid sheets were fluorimetrically determined with a chromatogram-spectrophotometer. Recovery rates of 60–80% were found for the different nitrosamines in cigarette smoke condensate. The following nitrosamines were quantitatively determined: N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosopiperidine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosoethylmethylamine, N-nitroso-ethyln-propylamine and N-nitroso-methyl-n-propylamine. The last mentioned nitrosamine was proved for the first time in cigarette smoke. At the same time correlations between the nitrosamine content of the corresponding tobacco or condensate and the content of nitrate, total nitrogen, nicotine, volatile bases and ammonia were investigated. The nitrate content as well as the content of volatile bases showed an influence on the nitrosamine yield. The content of the different nitrosamines varied cosiderably depending on tobacco origin, so that a NNO-determination is recommended as index.
Das Forschungsinstitut der Cigarettenindustrie e. V. wurde geschlossen 相似文献
106.
DSC-measurements were carried out with films prepared from dispersions of polyurethane ionomers, which were synthesized from two macrodiols, poly(tetramethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide) or polyesters. Mixing of the two components was performed before the preparation of the NCO-terminated prepolymer, the chain extension or the dispersing step. Also two latices were mixed, which were synthesized using one macrodiol in each case. Films from latex mixtures always formed a two-phased soft segment. This confirms that the identity of the latex particles was retained during film formation. Mixing of two ionomers before the dispersing step always yielded a two-phased soft segment, independent of the mixibility of the two macrodiols or the respective NCO-terminated prepolymers. This indicates that each type of ionomer forms its own kind of latex particle. 相似文献
107.
Methodologies developed for experimentally determining accurate models for the nonlinear friction inherent in most mechanisms are presented. Alternative closed-loop controller strategies for decoupling the effect of friction in order to improve positioning accuracy are also given. The identification methodology is novel in the manner in which it extracts the nonlinear friction properties from the closed-loop errors via an iterative signal processing technique. The discussion is based on both theoretical modeling and on a practical position control problem that was substantially resolved in developing the methodologies. The application was a robotic gripper with a highly preloaded rack-and-pinion mechanism. Both measurement and control design methodologies to help systematically circumvent the problems of nonlinear friction in precise, position-controlled mechanisms are given 相似文献
108.
The following paper reports on the partial charge of adsorbed species of the T1-amalgam/T1+-reaction. l- and f-coefficients were determined in a broad potential range and at low reactant concentrations and adsorption densities by impedance measurements. The method of evaluation is presented in detail, including a discussion of the relation of (non-equilibrium) partial charge transfer model to Gibbs adsorption thermodynamics. 相似文献
109.
110.