Comparative efficiencies of bread crumb softeners at varied bread storage temperatures

A series of commercial surfactants was evaluated in white pan bread for their crumb antifirming effects during storage at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 C. These agents produced softer breads at all temperatures as compared to bread without surfactants. Although breads kept at 40 and 50 C remained softer than at room temperature (25 C), storage at elevated temperatures is not advised due to possible organoleptic and microbial deteriorations. At temperatures below 25 C, faster firming generally occurred, but was much less in the presence of surfactants. This observation suggests that a surfactant system might be found to retard firming at those conditions.     

Macroscopic theory of chemisorption and partial charge transfer processes on semiconductor electrodes

Partial charge transfer models have recently been extended in order to understand chemisorption processes on semiconductor electrodes. The present paper first gives a short summary of macroscopic charge balance expressions from which measurable quantities such as impedance and photoresponse are derived. Specifically, the following points are treated: (a) Explicit inclusion of partial charge transfer chemisorption kinetics into semiconductor electrode impedance (Sections 4–6); (b) Connection of majority and minority carrier transport with partial charge transfer kinetics (Sections 7, 8); (c) Interfacial and chemisorption contributions to surface photovoltage (Becquerel effect), firstly for zero current limit (Section 9).     

Über den Kationenaustausch bei anionischen Polyurethan-Dispersionen mit Natriumsulfonat-gruppen

In aqueous dispersions of anionic polyurethanes with SO groups and Na⁺ as counter-ion, Na⁺ was ion exchanged for other cations (H⁺, Ag⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Ba⁺⁺, Ni⁺⁺, Cu⁺⁺, Zn⁺⁺, Pb⁺⁺ and AI⁺⁺⁺). With the exception of AI⁺⁺⁺ the ion exchange took place nearly quantitatively, indicating that site binding of counter-ions did not occur at the particle surface. In addition, the influence of the counter-ion was studied with respect to stability of the dispersion and the mechanical properties of the films.     

Synthesis and behavior of poly(vinyl chloride)-based latex interpenetrating polymer networks

Poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(butadiene–co–acrylonitrile) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN's) were synthesized in latex form. Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy as a function of temperature revealed that the glass transitions of the individual networks were broadened and in some cases spanned the entire temperature range between the two individual polymer transitions. This was interpreted to indicate extensive but incomplete mixing between the two networks. Depending on overall composition, the cast or molded films were either plastic or tough elastomers at room temperature. Some aspects of phase continuity and structure, including a graded core-shell model, are discussed.     

High-quality torque control at zero and very high speed operation

This article focuses on the design and analysis of a direct field orientation (DFO) approach based upon a closed-loop loop rotor flux observer. The approach is ideally suited for applications requiring both zero and very high (i.e., several times base) speed operation. Such applications are common in manufacturing automation where both zero speed position control and high traverse rates with controlled position trajectories are required. Examples include robot motion control systems as used for assembly and the more traditional machining center axis control. The quality of the proposed approach is largely based on the unique structure of its flux observer. The observer effectively combines the best accuracy attributes of rotor flux indirect (feedforward) field orientation (IFO) and stator flux DFO. The parameter sensitivity is similar to IFO at low and zero speeds and to stator flux DFO at high speeds. The closed-loop structure of the observer provides a smooth transition between two open-loop rotor flux observers referred to as the current and voltage models in a deterministic manner set by the closed-loop bandwidth (eigenvalues). The proposed DFO approach is analytically evaluated in comparison with both IFO and stator flux DFO. Experimental results verify the viability of this approach     

Building analysis system — BAS

In our laboratory we use several different programs dealing with the same fundamental problem: the calculation of thermal loads and annual consumptions. The programs must by used at different stages of the design process. The main disadvantage of using separate programs can disappear if the programs are gathered in a single structure with one entry point.     

Differentiation of conversive sensory loss and malingering by P300 in a modified oddball task

Recent legislation which has been passed in Europe comprises the Basic Safety Standard (BSS) [1] and the Medical Exposure Directive (MED) [2]. These documents are the implementation of ICRP's report 60 [3], and ICRP publication 73 [4] expands ICRP60 for medical applications. The BSS repeals 80/836/EURATOM and 84/467/EURATOM amongst other EURATOM directives. The MED repeals 84/466/EURATOM, which is the patient protection directive. Member States (MS) are required to implement both the BSS and the MED by the 13 May 2000, and this is where input from individual members of the EANM is very important. Within every MS it is vital to ensure that the key points are debated properly, so that legislation in the countries of Europe is reasonable.     

Impact of renal cadaveric transplantation on survival in end-stage renal failure: evidence for reduced mortality risk compared with hemodialysis during long-term follow-up

Despite a superior quality of life and a favorable cost effectiveness, it has not been well established thus far whether renal cadaveric transplantation contributes to superior survival probability of end-stage renal disease patients in Europe, because the mortality rate on dialysis is lower compared with the United States. This analysis was undertaken to compare the mortality of wait-listed patients and transplant recipients during long-term follow-up, including the possibility of a retransplant in a single-center study. The study cohort included 309 consecutive patients, ages 17 to 72 yr, being registered on the waiting list of the Renal Transplantation Center of Mannheim since the initiation of the transplantation program on June 3, 1989. Follow-up was terminated on September 30, 1997, with a mean of 4.15 yr. A total of 144 renal cadaveric transplants (four retransplants) was performed during the follow-up period. A Cox regression model considering the time-dependent exposure to the different therapy modalities was applied for statistical analysis. Patients being removed from the waiting list or coming back to dialysis after transplantation were censored at time of withdrawal or graft failure. Transplantation resulted in a lower hazard ratio, which was 0.36 (95% confidence interval, 0.15 to 0.87) when the hazard of the wait-listed group was taken as 1.00. The underlying incidence rate of death was 0.026 per patient-year (0.032 on dialysis versus 0.016 with functioning graft). Performing the evaluation on an intention-to-treat basis without censoring the lower risk of the transplanted group was still pronounced according to a hazard ratio of 0.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.22 to 0.89). Thus, patients receiving a renal cadaveric transplantation have a substantial survival advantage over corresponding end-stage renal disease patients on the waiting list even in the setting of a single transplantation center where mortality on regular dialysis therapy was comparatively low.