Raman spectroscopy to assess water holding capacity in muscle from fast and slow growing broilers

Rapid and non-destructive quality methods that can rapidly scan large product numbers in early stages of production are attractive for meat production. Chicken breast muscles from low- and high-growth rate (GR) broilers were segregated into extremes of broilers with weight gain of ≤250 g/wk and ≥299 g/wk, respectively. Breast muscle was also segregated into extremes of low- and high-water holding capacity (WHC) of ≤4.08 g/100 g or ≥ 89.26 g/100 g muscle, respectively. Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate differences in spectra of the extremes of broilers that differed in GR or muscle that differed in WHC. Spectra was collected at 785 nm excitation, 500 mW laser power, 10 s total integration time. There were 7 significantly different bands (P < 0.05) from growth rate population spectrum: 510, 1270, 1354, 1535, 1652, 1737, 1863 cm⁻¹; and 4 significantly different bands (P < 0.05) from WHC population spectrum: 538, 691, 1367, 1743 cm⁻¹. Differences in the trptophan environment, cysteine and amide I and III structure influenced WHC. The results can potentially be used to rapidly identify muscle attribute variations for customized handling in further processing.     

Making Sense of Violence: Perceived Meaningfulness as a Predictor of Audience Interest in Violent Media Content

Research on audience interest in violent media content is extended to include individuals' appreciation of certain types of violent portrayals as a meaningful and valuable reflection of reality. A sample of 482 German and U.S. adults aged 18–82 watched movie trailers that varied in pretest ratings of gore and meaningfulness, but were equivalent in suspense. As hypothesized, perceived levels of gore and meaningfulness interacted to predict individuals' reported likelihood of watching the full movie, such that a negative influence of gore on viewing likelihood was compensated at high levels of meaningfulness. These findings suggest that, in addition to other motivations such as suspense, some types of violent and even gory content might be sought as an opportunity for meaning‐making.