Long-term stability of large-span caverns is a challenging issue for design and construction of underground rock engineering. The Heidong cavern group consisting of 21 caverns was constructed about 1400 years ago for quarrying in massive Cretaceous tuff. The cavern No. 5 of the Heidong cavern group is characterized by an unsupported span up to 92 m, with the overburden thickness of only 3–25 m. To analyze its long-term stability, a detailed investigation was conducted to obtain its geometry and rock mass characteristics, and to monitor surrounding rock displacements. Based on field survey and laboratory tests, numerical simulations were performed using the finite difference code FLAC3D. The analysis results revealed that for the long-term stability of the cavern No. 5, some major factors should be carefully considered, such as cavern excavation method in hard massive rocks, site investigation using trial pits, tools like short iron chisel and hammer for manual excavation, geometric dome roof, and waste rocks within abutment or on the floor. The highlights of the technologies obtained from this large-scale ancient underground project can provide reference for other similar project excavations in practice. 相似文献
High-rise buildings are usually in a windy environment. The motion of fire-induced smoke and fire behaviors may be strongly affected by the external wind forces except by the stack effect. It turns out that wind with different directions and velocities can cause disparity in fire dynamics. Since most previous researches only focused on the cross wind conditions, this work investigated the effect of external side wind from 0 m/s to 1.21 m/s on the air flow behaviors, combustion characteristics of methanol pools and smoke temperature in a 1/6 scaled corridor connected to a 6-floor shaft. A remarkable observation is that the external side wind (parallel to top window, shown in Fig. 1) leads to pressure attenuation inside building and induces air to flow inside through bottom door. Therefore, the smoke spreads faster under the synergic effects of side wind and stack effect. At the steady stage, the supplement air flow velocity increases with wind velocity but remains proportional to 1/3 power of HRR. An equation incorporating the wind effect is proposed to predict the air flow velocity. Results also show that compared to cross wind conditions, the mass loss rates of methanol pools increase at high wind velocities. The wind effect on smoke temperature is obvious in cases with small pools. Here, the temperature first increases to a peak value and then decreases with increased wind velocity. However, the temperature remains the same in cases with large pools within our wind velocity range. The temperature in the shaft is also correlated with mass loss rate and wind velocity. This work shows that external side wind would increase the fire hazard of buildings by contributing to the combustion and spreading of smoke. Thus engineers should consider the effect of side wind carefully when designing smoke control system.
