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排序方式: 共有121条查询结果,搜索用时 171 毫秒
11.
Derk J. Swider Luuk Beurskens Sarah Davidson John Twidell Jurek Pyrko Wolfgang Prüggler Hans Auer Katarina Vertin Romualdas Skema 《Renewable Energy》2008,33(8):1832-1842
This paper compares conditions and costs for RES-E grid connection in selected European countries. These are Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Austria, Lithuania and Slovenia. Country specific case studies are presented for wind onshore and offshore, biomass and photovoltaic power systems, as based on literature reviews and stakeholder interviews. It is shown that, especially for wind offshore, the allocation of grid connection costs can form a significant barrier for the installation of new RES-E generation if the developer has to bear all such costs. If energy policy makers want to reduce the barriers for new large-scale RES-E deployment, then it is concluded that the grid connection costs should be covered by the respective grid operator. These costs may then be recouped by increasing consumer tariffs for the use of the grid. 相似文献
12.
Abstract. This article aims to bring together insights from a broad body of recent literature concerned with the nature, the measurement and policy implications of benefits and costs of transport. It is argued that, for various reasons, transport cannot be treated as an'ordinary'economic sector, and the policy implications of a number of the sector's peculiarities are addressed. Explicit attention is given to spatial aspects and network elements, internal and external benefits and costs, and efficiency aspects and equity considerations in policy making. 相似文献
13.
Piet Rietveld Bert Zwart Bert van Wee Toon van den Hoorn 《The Annals of Regional Science》1999,33(3):269-287
This paper gives a detailed empirical analysis of the relationships between different indicators of costs of commuting trips
by car: difference as the crow flies, shortest travel time according to route planner, corresponding travel distance, and
reported travel time. Reported travel times are usually rounded in multiples of five minutes. This calls for special statistical
techniques. Ignoring the phenomenon of rounding leads to biased estimation results for shorter distances. Rather surprisingly,
the distance as the crow flies and the network distance appear to be slightly better proxies of the reported travel time compared
with the shortest network travel time as indicated by the route planner. We conclude that where actual driving times are missing
in commuting research the other three indicators mentioned may be used as proxies, but that the following problems may emerge:
actual travel times may be considerably higher than network times generated by route planners, and the average speed of trips
increases considerably with distance, implying an overestimate of travel time for long distance commuters. The only personal
feature that contributes significantly to variations in reported travel times is gender: women appear to drive at lower average
speeds according to our data. As indicated in the paper this may be explained by the differences in the car types of male
and female drivers (females drive older and smaller cars) as well as higher numbers of stops/trip chaining among women. A
concise analysis is carried out for carpoolers. Car-pooling leads to an increase in travel time of some 17% compared with
solo drivers covering the same distance. In the case of car poolers, the above mentioned measures appear to be very poor proxies
for the actual commuting times.
Received: November 1996/Accepted: January 1998 相似文献
14.
A drinking water treatment plant has a typical configuration of parallel lanes to provide safe drinking water 24 h a day. A new approach for optimising the production of drinking water treatment plants is proposed. This approach is applied to the softening process step and shows promising results in terms of cost reduction by optimising the water distribution over several parallel reactors. The proposed scheme relies on optimal model-based control of a single softening reactor and the use of a bypass. 相似文献
15.
PM van Diemen HW Ploeger MG Nieuwland FW Rietveld M Eysker FN Kooyman A Kloosterman HK Parmentier 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,27(5):587-593
The recognition of low molecular weight proteins by sera obtained during a single oral (primary) infection with 100,000 3rd-stage Cooperia oncophora larvae was studied in calves. Three groups of 6 or 7 calves were selected based on different egg excretion patterns. SDS-gel electrophoresis of adult Cooperia antigen under reducing conditions, followed by Western blotting, revealed that resistance of individual calves to C. oncophora might be related with antibody responses (42 days post infection) against at least 2 protein fragments (14-16 kDa and 27 kDa). The 14-16-kDa protein complex was bound, to some extent, by individual sera from all calves. The intensity of staining was negatively correlated with egg excretion on Day 42 p.i. Calves with high egg counts on Day 21 p.i. either did not or only weakly recognized the 27-kDa band. It has to be established whether the 14-16 kDa (or recombinant 14.2 kDa) provides a tool for immunodiagnostics and whether the 27-kDa fragment can help further unravel immune-mediated resistance to Cooperia. 相似文献
16.
ENDOW (efficient development of offshore wind farms): modelling wake and boundary layer interactions
Rebecca Barthelmie Gunner Larsen Sara Pryor Hans Jrgensen Hans Bergstrm Wolfgang Schlez Kostas Rados Bernhard Lange Per Vlund Sren Neckelmann Sren Mogensen Gerard Schepers Terry Hegberg Luuk Folkerts Mikael Magnusson 《风能》2004,7(3):225-245
While experience gained through the offshore wind energy projects currently operating is valuable, a major uncertainty in estimating power production lies in the prediction of the dynamic links between the atmosphere and wind turbines in offshore regimes. The objective of the ENDOW project was to evaluate, enhance and interface wake and boundary layer models for utilization offshore. The project resulted in a significant advance in the state of the art in both wake and marine boundary layer models, leading to improved prediction of wind speed and turbulence profiles within large offshore wind farms. Use of new databases from existing offshore wind farms and detailed wake profiles collected using sodar provided a unique opportunity to undertake the first comprehensive evaluation of wake models in the offshore environment. The results of wake model performance in different wind speed, stability and roughness conditions relative to observations provided criteria for their improvement. Mesoscale model simulations were used to evaluate the impact of thermal flows, roughness and topography on offshore wind speeds. The model hierarchy developed under ENDOW forms the basis of design tools for use by wind energy developers and turbine manufacturers to optimize power output from offshore wind farms through minimized wake effects and optimal grid connections. The design tools are being built onto existing regional‐scale models and wind farm design software which was developed with EU funding and is in use currently by wind energy developers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
de Vet WW Kleerebezem R van der Wielen PW Rietveld LC van Loosdrecht MC 《Water research》2011,45(13):4008-4018
In groundwater treatment for drinking water production, the causes of nitrification problems and the effectiveness of process optimization in rapid sand filters are often not clear. To assess both issues, the performance of a full-scale groundwater filter with nitrification problems and another filter with complete nitrification and pretreatment by subsurface aeration was monitored over nine months. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting the amoA gene of bacteria and archaea and activity measurements of ammonia oxidation were used to regularly evaluate water and filter sand samples. Results demonstrated that subsurface aeration stimulated the growth of ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes (AOP) in the aquifer. Cell balances, using qPCR counts of AOP for each filter, showed that the inoculated AOP numbers from the aquifer were marginal compared with AOP numbers detected in the filter. Excessive washout of AOP was not observed and did not cause the nitrification problems. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea grew in both filters, but only in low numbers compared to bacteria. The cell-specific nitrification rate in the sand and backwash water samples was high for the subsurface aerated filter, but systematically much lower for the filter with nitrification problems. From this, we conclude that incomplete nitrification was caused by nutrient limitation. 相似文献
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This paper describes a method for implementation of a rulebased system on a sinple 8-bit microcomputer. The approach has been successfully implemented and tested by analyzing EEG's recorded from renal patients. 相似文献