Influence of different ruthenium(II) bipyridyl complex on the photocatalytic H2 evolution over TiO2 nanoparticles with mesostructures

H₂ production over dye-sensitized Pt/TiO₂ nanoparticles with mesostructures (m-TiO₂) under visible light (λ > 420 nm) was investigated by using methanol as electron donors. Experimental results indicate that three types of ruthenium(II) bipyridyl complex dyes (one binuclear Ru, two mononuclear Ru), which can be attached to Pt/m-TiO₂ with different linkage modes, show different photosensitization effects due to their different coordination circumstances and physicochemical properties. The dye tightly linked with m-TiO₂ has better durability but the lowest H₂ evolution efficiency, whereas the loosely attached dyes possess higher H₂ evolution efficiency and preferable durability. It seems that the dynamic equilibrium between the linkage of the ground state dye with TiO₂ and the divorce of the oxidization state dye from the surfaces plays a crucial role in the photochemical behavior during the photocatalyst sensitization process. It is helpful to improve the H₂ evolution efficiency by enhancing the electron injection and hindering the backward transfer. The binuclear Ru(II) dye shows a better photosensitization in comparison with mononuclear Ru(II) dyes due to its large molecular area, conjugation system, and “antenna effect”, which, in turn, improve the visible light harvesting and electron transfer between the dye molecules and TiO₂.     

Fabrication and investigation of SiO2 supported sulfated zirconia/Nafion self-humidifying membrane for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications

A self-humidifying composite membrane based on Nafion^® hybrid with SiO₂ supported sulfated zirconia particles (SiO₂–SZ) was fabricated and investigated for fuel cell applications. The bi-functional SiO₂–SZ particles, possessing hygroscopic property and high proton conductivity, were homemade and as the additive incorporated into our composite membrane. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier infrared spectrum (FT-IR) techniques were employed to characterize the structure of SiO₂–SZ particles. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements were conducted to study the morphology of composite membrane. To verify the advantages of Nafion^®/SiO₂–SZ composite membrane, the IEC value, water uptake, proton conductivity, single cell performance and areal resistance were compared with Nafion^®/SiO₂ membrane and recast Nafion^® membrane. The single cell employing our Nafion^®/SiO₂–SZ membrane exhibited the highest peak power density of 0.98 W cm⁻² under dry operation condition in comparison with 0.74 W cm⁻² of Nafion^®/SiO₂ membrane and 0.64 W cm⁻² of recast Nafion^® membrane, respectively. The improved performance was attributed to the introduction of SiO₂–SZ particles, whose high proton conductivity and good water adsorbing/retaining function under dry operation condition, could facilitate proton transfer and water balance in the membrane.     

Preparation and properties of carbon nanotube/polypropylene nanocomposite bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

This study aims at the fabrication of lightweight and high performance nanocomposite bipolar plates for the application in polymer electrode membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The thin nanocomposite bipolar plates (the thickness <1.2 mm) consisting of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphite powder and PP were fabricated by means of compression molding. Three types of polypropylene (PP) with different crystallinities including high crystallinity PP (HC-PP), medium crystallinity PP (MC-PP), low crystallinity PP (LC-PP) were prepared to investigate the influence of crystallinity on the dispersion of MWCNTs in PP matrix. The optimum composition of original composite bipolar plates was determined at 80 wt.% graphite content and 20 wt.% PP content based on the measurements of electrical and mechanical properties with various graphite contents. Results also indicate that MWCNTs was dispersed better in LC-PP than other PP owing to enough dispersed regions in nanocomposite bipolar plates. This good MWCNT dispersion of LC-PP would cause better bulk electrical conductivity, mechanical properties and thermal stability of MWCNTs/PP nanocomposite bipolar plates. In the MWCNTs/LC-PP system, the bulk electrical conductivities with various MWCNT contents all exceed 100 S cm⁻¹. The flexural strength of the MWCNTs/LC-PP nanocomposite bipolar plate with 8 phr of MWCNTs was approximately 37% higher than that of the original nanocomposite bipolar plate and the unnotched Izod impact strength of MWCNTs/LC-PP nanocomposite bipolar plates was also increased from 68.32 J m⁻¹ (0 phr) to 81.40 J m⁻¹ (8 phr), increasing 19%. In addition, the coefficient of thermal expansion of MWCNTs/LC-PP nanocomposite bipolar plate was decreased from 32.91 μm m⁻¹ °C⁻¹ (0 phr) to 25.79 μm m⁻¹ °C⁻¹ (8 phr) with the increasing of MWCNT content. The polarization curve of MWCNTs/LC-PP nanocomposite bipolar plate compared with graphite bipolar plate was also evaluated. These results confirm that the addition of MWCNTs in LC-PP leads to a significant improvement on the cell performance of the nanocomposite bipolar plate.     

Design and performance of a solar-powered air-conditioning system in a green building

A solar-powered adsorption air-conditioning system was designed and installed in the green building of Shanghai Research Institute of Building Science. The system contained 150 m² solar collectors and two adsorption chillers with nominal refrigeration capacity of 8.5 kW. Based on performance characteristics of the adsorption chiller, the operation mode of the solar-powered air-conditioning system was optimized by maintaining a phase shift of 540 s between the two adsorption chillers. Thereafter, the whole system realized stable operation by the balance of heat consumption and refrigeration output. From June to August of 2005, the solar-powered air-conditioning system continuously ran between 9:00 and 17:00. The operation performance of the system under representative working condition showed that the average refrigeration output of the solar-powered air-conditioning system was 15.3 kW during an 8 h operation and the maximum value exceeded 20 kW. Solar fraction for the system in summer was 71.7%, which corresponded to the designed cooling load (15 kW). Compared with the ambient temperature, it was deduced that solar radiant intensity had a more distinct influence on the performance of solar-powered air-conditioning system.     

某油田深冷空分制氮工艺优化研究

目的某大型油田采用深冷空分制氮工艺获取氮气来注氮驱油,为改善该工艺比功耗高、氮收率低等问题,利用中心复合旋转设计(CCRD)响应面分析法进行生产运行参数优化。 方法基于HYSYS软件建立深冷空分制氮流程,并对工艺中的关键运行参数进行单因素分析,由此确立各参数优化选值区间,利用CCRD响应面分析法在区间内进行参数寻优。 结果以工艺的比功耗最小为目标,使用工艺运行参数的最佳组合,优化后的流程氮气产量从16 905 m³/h增加到18 541 m³/h,提高了9.68%;氮气中氧摩尔分数从0.000 26%下降到0.000 24%,降低了7.7%;氮收率从70.92%上升到77.75%,增加了9.63%;比功耗从0.374 5 kW·h/m³下降到0.345 7 kW·h/m³,减少了7.69%。 结论利用CCRD响应面法进行生产运行参数优化对存在问题的改善有明显效果。      

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷古近系沙一下亚段中等成熟页岩油富集主控因素与勘探突破

陆相湖盆中等成熟页岩油资源丰富,而该类型资源具有岩相变化快、成岩演化程度低、储层敏感性强及原油粘滞性高等特点,工程开发对策仍处于探索阶段。以渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷西南缘古近系沙河街组一段下亚段（沙一下亚段）典型湖相中等偏低成熟烃源岩为研究对象,分析该类型页岩油富集主控因素及工程应对策略,探索中等成熟页岩油开发动用方案。研究表明：云灰质页岩夹薄层碳酸盐岩段粘土含量矿物小于30 %,海水基滑溜水防膨压裂液体系能够抑制该类储层敏感性,并解决因粘土矿物吸水膨胀而导致的地层坍塌问题;储层脆性、生烃条件、含油性和储层水敏性是中等成熟页岩油甜点分布的主控因素,甜点厚度一般在10～12 m左右,应用叠前偏移数据体开展储层预测、读准靶点深度、旋转导向精准定向、打准甜点段及提高甜点钻遇率是获得高产-稳产的前提条件;采用海水基压裂液防膨、趾端蓄能体积压裂和前置CO₂增能降粘可实现压裂提产。利用新认识优化QY1H井部署和实施方案,该井437 d累产油7 303.28 t（平均日产16.75 t）,实现中等成熟度页岩油高产-稳产勘探突破。     

夏盐11井区剩余油分布特征与挖潜对策研究

针对新疆油田夏盐11井区层内、层间非均质性强,产量持续下降,注水开发后油藏剩余油分布规律不清楚,持续稳产能力较差的问题,利用数值模拟、油藏工程方法及动态监测资料开展了非均质性强油藏不同类型剩余油分布规律研究,明确了下步挖潜对策。研究结果表明：夏盐11井区剩余油挖潜潜力区可分为3种,Ⅰ类为注采井网不完善控制型剩余油,剩余油饱和度高,平均大于45%,油层厚度不小于4.5 m,主要发育水下分流河道,挖潜对策为储层改造提高低渗区域的物性;Ⅱ类为井间滞留型剩余油,剩余油饱和度较高,平均为20%～45%,油层厚度为3.0～4.5 m,主要发育河口坝,挖潜对策为油水井补孔、完善注采井网;Ⅲ类为水淹程度较高型剩余油,剩余油饱和度较低,平均小于20%,油层厚度不超过2 m,剩余油分布零散,挖潜对策为老井补孔和水井分注,同时进行注水井调剖,对低产井进行重复压裂、补孔。该研究可为同类型非均质性油藏开发提供参考。     

CO2辅助重力驱油开发效果影响因素分析

针对各类地质参数对CO₂辅助重力驱油技术开发效果影响规律尚不明确的问题,以某中低渗油藏为研究对象,建立多个一注一采机理模型研究地层沉积韵律、倾角、渗透率、孔隙度、垂直渗透率与水平渗透率比值、渗透率级差对CO₂辅助重力驱油效果的影响。结果表明:正韵律沉积地层相较于反韵律地层更适用于CO₂辅助重力驱油;地层倾角有利于重力分异和形成气顶;中低渗低孔油藏开展CO₂辅助重力驱油,对抑制气窜突破具有一定作用;垂直渗透率与水平渗透率比值越小,越有利于抑制气体的纵向快速扩散;渗透率级差对CO₂辅助重力驱油影响不大;不同地质因素对采出程度影响由大到小依次为垂直渗透率与水平渗透率的比值、地层倾角、地层渗透率、地层孔隙度、地层渗透率级差。A油藏矿场实践表明,CO₂辅助重力驱油能够使其阶段累计产油量提高3倍以上,可取得明显的增产效果。研究成果可为同类油田的CO₂驱开发提供理论指导。     

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组页岩油立体井网整体压裂设计技术研究与实践

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷页岩油成藏条件复杂,储层非均质性强,持续稳产能力差,油田开发经济效益较差。为探索吉木萨尔凹陷页岩油规模开发可行性,新疆油田逐步加大勘探开发力度,历经10年研究与实践,以实现“缝控储量”为改造目标,立足高效低成本设计理念,形成了“高密度布缝+高强度改造+低成本材料”为特色的体积压裂技术体系。在开发向平台化、多层系模式转变下,需攻关研究立体井网整体压裂技术,提高油藏采出程度。通过地质工程一体化研究,形成大平台整体改造设计方法;结合对压裂时间、段间应力场动态变化的精细描述,确立大平台施工顺序优化方案;基于精细地震解释,建立压裂时套管变形风险分级预测技术和控制措施。2021年,完成吉木萨尔页岩油首个立体开发平台整体改造现场试验,实现压裂零丢段和钻塞无遇阻的安全压裂指标,整体生产效果大幅提升,为吉木萨尔页岩油高质量建产树立了优质范本,有力支撑了国家级陆相页岩油示范区的高效建设。     

川中古隆起北部蓬莱气区多层系天然气勘探突破与潜力

近3年,四川盆地相继在川中古隆起北斜坡上震旦统灯影组二段和四段、下寒武统沧浪铺组一段、二叠系茅口组二段取得勘探突破,继安岳气区发现之后形成了新的万亿立方米级大气区——蓬莱气区。受大型张性走滑断裂、古裂陷槽、台缘带联合控制,蓬莱气区纵向上发育多层系规模化烃源岩、储集层及断控岩性圈闭;良好的"源-储"配置和垂向输导通道促进了多层系油气高效充注;"古隆今斜"的构造演化保证了油气高效汇聚;多层系直接盖层和区域盖层的发育为油气提供了良好的保存条件。得益于成藏要素在时间和空间上的良好配置,蓬莱气区震旦系—二叠系形成了特有的斜坡区深层—超深层、多层系、海相碳酸盐岩立体成藏模式——"立体供烃、立体成储、立体输导、早油晚气、立体成藏"。蓬莱气区多层系天然气勘探突破不仅大大拓宽了四川盆地深层—超深层天然气勘探领域,也证实了在历经多期构造运动后,古隆起斜坡部位的超深、超老地层仍具有形成规模性天然气聚集的潜力,对进一步深化四川盆地超深层天然气勘探具有重要指导意义。