Substitution of fish silage protein and a free amino acid mixture for fish meal protein in a chicken diet

White Leghorn chickens were fed a basal diet with about 550 g kg^?1 of the protein from fish meal. Graded amounts of fish silage protein or an amino acid mixture simulating fish meal protein were substituted for parts of the dietary fish meal protein. In two experiments 150 and 300 g kg^?1 of fish meal protein were replaced by fish silage protein or by an amino acid mixture simulating fish meal. In one experiment graded amounts of 0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 g kg^?1 of fish meal protein were replaced by fish silage protein. Growth and feed efficiency were the same or better when some of the protein was from fish silage. The results showed that replacement of dietary fish meal with fish silage did not reduce the dietary quality of the feed for young growing chickens. It is concluded that it might be advantageous to substitute fish silage for some of the fish meal under the experimental conditions used.     

Assessment of maximum cooking temperatures in previously heat treated beef. Part 1: Near infrared spectroscopy

Near infrared diffuse reflectance (NIR) and transmittance (NIT) spectroscopy were studied as potential methods for determination of the previous heat treatment of beef. Ninety-four samples of M longissimus dorsi from 33 bulls were heat treated at nine different temperatures between 50 and 85°C, and analysed by NIR and NIT spectroscopy. The samples were analysed by NIR and NIT in both ‘wet’ and freeze dried states. The NIR and NIT methods were able to determine the maximum temperature of previously heat treated beef with a prediction error of 2.0-2.1°C in the temperature range 50–85°C. Freeze drying of the samples prior to analysis reduced the prediction error to 1.4°C for the NIR method. NIR and NIT should be useful as fast screening methods to determine whether beef has been adequately heat treated.     

Temporal variation in muscle fibre area,gaping, texture,colour and collagen in triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L)

Diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon were reared for 32 months in seawater, from October 1998 to January 2000. During this period of time, four samplings were taken to study differences in quality traits and chemical components in the flesh between diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Season was found to be the dominant factor explaining the variation in flesh quality traits in both triploid and diploid fish. Ploidy affected the majority of investigated variables while body size had lesser impact. Triploid Atlantic salmon had fewer small muscle fibres and up to 23% larger mean cross‐sectional muscle fibre area than diploids. Triploids also displayed more gaping, softer fillet texture, lower post mortem end pH, darker (L value) and redder (a value) flesh colour, and more soluble and less insoluble collagen compared with diploid fish. No effect of ploidy was found on crude chemical composition. Furthermore, a negative relationship was found between gaping score and muscle fibre area, and a weak positive correlation was found between fibre density and texture firmness. However, when body size and sampling time was included in the statistical model, this relationship between gaping and fibre area became very weak, and the relationship between texture and fibre area was completely negated. This suggests that intra‐species variation in both texture and gaping is more related to season and body size than to average muscle fibre area size. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Authentication of marine oils using 13C NMR spectroscopy

NMR spectroscopy has been particularly valuable in the study of lipids, since it provides qualititative and quantitative information on chemically diverse compounds in a non‐destructive and non‐selective fashion. NMR gives a fingerprint of the sample analyzed and may be used as a rapid profiling technique. Combined with chemometrics and databases with relevant authentic samples, ¹³C NMR is a powerful tool for authentication of marine oils.     

Meat quality of lamb: Pre-slaughter fattening on cultivated or mountain range pastures

Many consumers perceive lamb meat from mountain pastures to be of superior quality, a quality that may be altered if lambs are kept for a longer period on cultivated pastures before slaughtering. The objective of this experiment was to compare sensory profile and fatty acid composition in meat from lambs slaughtered directly from unimproved mountain pastures with meat from lambs raised on unimproved mountain pastures and fattened on biodiverse cultivated pastures for 26, 39 and 42 days before slaughtering. The experiment was conducted at two different locations in Norway in 2006 and 2007, with a total of 124 Norwegian Crossbred Sheep lambs. Loin samples of M. Longissimus dorsi from lambs above a body weight of 40 kg were selected and analysed for sensory attributes. Fatty acid composition was determined in the subcutaneous fat over the Longissimus dorsi. Small but significant differences were found in hardness, tenderness, fattiness, metallic and rancid flavour, and in polyunsaturated fatty acids. This indicates that to a small extent pre-slaughter fattening on cultivated pastures alters meat characteristics.     

Verantwortlichkeit und Einsatz von Algorithmen bei öffentlichen Stellen

Nicht nur Unternehmen der Privatwirtschaft, sondern auch Behörden verlassen sich zunehmend auf Algorithmen, um Entscheidungen zu treffen oder zumindest vorzubereiten. Auf Basis des Datenschutz- und des Informationszugangsrechts untersucht dieser Beitrag, welche Bedingungen an einen rechtskonformen und verantwortungsvollen Einsatz von Algorithmen bei öffentlichen Stellen anzulegen sind.     

Different particle determinants induce apoptosis and cytokine release in primary alveolar macrophage cultures

Background  

Particles are known to induce both cytokine release (MIP-2, TNF-α), a reduction in cell viability and an increased apoptosis in alveolar macrophages. To examine whether these responses are triggered by the same particle determinants, alveolar macrophages were exposed in vitro to mineral particles of different physical-chemical properties.     

On the Use of the Expected ARL Metric for Control Charts Based on Estimated Parameters

At the origination of the Shewhart control chart, it was assumed that the process parameters were known. The in‐control Average Run Length (ARL) and the probability of having a false alarm (P) were introduced as metrics to indicate the in‐control performance. These two metrics are related when the process data are i.i.d. normally distributed: the ARL equals 1/P. When the process parameters are unknown and have to be estimated, a similar relation holds for each estimated control chart, but the relation between the expected ARL (the average of the ARLs of all possible estimated charts) and the expectedP is different. Control charts based on estimates are often designed such that the in‐control ARL equals a predefined value. This paper shows that the expected in‐control ARL is a less suitable design criterion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The performance of control charts for large non‐normally distributed datasets

Because of digitalization, many organizations possess large datasets. Furthermore, measurement data are often not normally distributed. However, when samples are sufficiently large, the central limit theorem may be used for the sample means. In this article, we evaluate the use of the central limit theorem for various distributions and sample sizes, as well as its effects on the performance of a Shewhart control chart for these large non‐normally distributed datasets. To this end, we use the sample means as individual observations and a Shewhart control chart for individual observations to monitor processes. We study the unconditional performance, expressed as the expectation of the in‐control average run length (ARL), as well as the conditional performance, expressed as the probability that the control chart based on estimated parameters will have a lower in‐control ARL than a specified desired in‐control ARL. We use recently developed factors to correct the control limits to obtain a specified conditional or unconditional in‐control performance. The results in this paper indicate that the control chart should be applied with caution, even with large sample sizes.