Fortschritte bei der Auslegung pneumatischer Förderanlagen

Advances in the design of pneumatic conveyors. Pneumatic conveyors can be constructed for a variety of flow conditions, such as, e. g. dilute phase conveying, strand conveying or plug-flow conveying. The choice of the most favourable flow condition is naturally determined by the particular problem at hand, and, in particular by the physical data of the solid to be conveyed. In practice, when designing such conveyors, not only the processes taking place in the pipeline have to be taken into account but also those taking place during the feeding and separating of the solid, since these jointly influence the flow conditions of the whole system. The choice of fan is of considerable importance. The accuracy of the precalculation of pressure drops and the criteria for the choice of the most favourable gas velocity in the conveyor line are still unsatisfactory, in spite of the many previously confirmed findings. More recent investigations on the prediction of various flow conditions and on plug-flow conveying enable a better choice of the most favourable method of conveying. Significant technical developments have been made, especially as regards calculated plug-flow conveying.     

Comparison of fatty acid profiles and contents of seed oils recovered from dessert and cider apples and further Rosaceous plants

To get a more comprehensive knowledge of oil contents and fatty acid pattern, seed oils from various Rosaceous plants belonging to the subfamilies Maloideae and Rosoideae, respectively, were investigated. For this purpose, isolated seeds of 18 dessert and cider apple (Malus domestica BORKH.) cultivars of different provenances, pear (Pyrus communis L.), rose hip (Rosa canina L.), quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), and red chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia L.) were analyzed for their oil content and fatty acid composition. Oil contents varied significantly, not only among the different genera, but also among cultivars of one species, ranging from 0.8 to 29.4?g/100?g?dry matter. Qualitatively, the fatty acid profiles of the investigated seed oils showed good agreement in all representatives of the Rosaceae. Their triacylglycerols were uniformly composed of linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, α-linolenic, arachidic, gondoic, and behenic acids. Quantitation of individual fatty acids revealed the oils to be rich in mono- and diunsaturated oleic acid and linoleic acid, ranging from 15.1 to 33.3?g/100?g and from 32.5 to 49.7?g/100?g, respectively. As expected, contents of saturated fatty acids were 6–10?times lower. Moreover, apple cultivars showed pronounced differences in yields, numbers, and weights of their seeds. As demonstrated by the data obtained from this study, seeds resulting from the processing of apple, pear, quince, chokeberry (Maloideae), and rose hip (Rosoideae) into juices, jellies, and jams may serve as a promising source for the recovery of nutritionally valuable edible oils.     

Investigation of Chlorpyrifos and Its Transformation Products in Fruits and Spices by Combining Electrochemistry and Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The identification of transformation products (TPs) of pesticides in food is a crucial task difficult to tackle, due to the lack of standards. In this work, we present a novel methodology to synthesize five main TP standards of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and to investigate their occurrence in selected fruits and spices. TPs were electrochemically (EC) synthesized using a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) and identified by EC coupled online to mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. CPF and its TPs were analyzed in the food samples by LC-MS/MS on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) after dispersive solid-phase extraction. A good recovery of 83–103% for CPF and 65–85% for TPs was obtained. Matrix effects, which cause signal suppression, ranged between 81 to 95% for all targeted analytes. The limit of detection and quantification for CPF were 1.6–1.9 and 4.9–5.7 μg/kg, respectively. Among investigated samples, CPF was determined in fresh lemon (104 μg/kg), fenugreek seed (40 μg/kg), and black pepper (31 μg/kg). CPF content in all samples was lower than the EU maximum residue level (MRL). The most frequently detected TPs were diethylthiophosphate and diethylphosphate. Other TPs, CPF oxon and trichloropyridinol, were also detected. Hence, EC is a versatile tool to synthesize TP standards which enables the determination of contaminants and residues in foodstuffs even if no commercial standards are available.     

Uncertainties in the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels in naturally contaminated honeys and comparison of results obtained by different analytical approaches

The contamination of honey with hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) is a well-known hazard for food safety. While management strategies and controls of the honey industry aim to reduce the PA levels, uncertainties remain with regard to the safety of regionally produced and marketed honey. In addition, a previous study showed large differences of results obtained after various periods of storage and apparent differences between the analytical results of different laboratories. Therefore, this study aimed at examining these uncertainties by monitoring the impact of storage on the PA and PA N-oxide (PANO) content of two freshly harvested honeys and on possible demixing effects caused by pollen settling. Additionally, three analytical approaches – target analysis with matrix-matched calibration or standard addition and a sum parameter method – were applied for a comparative analysis of 20 honeys harvested in summer 2016. All samples originated from Schleswig-Holstein in Northern Germany where the PA plant Jacobaea vulgaris is currently observed on a massive scale. The results of the time series analyses showed that PANO levels markedly decreased within a few weeks and practically reached the LOD 16 weeks after harvest. Tertiary PAs, by contrast, remained stable and did not increase as a consequence of PANO decrease. The experiments on a putative demixing, which may result in a heterogeneous distribution of PAs/PANOs, revealed that there was no such effect during storage of up to 12 weeks. A comparison of the PA/PANO levels obtained by different analytical approaches showed that in some cases the sum parameter method yielded much higher levels than the target approaches, whereas in other cases, the target analysis with standard addition found higher levels than the other two methods. In summary, the results of this study highlight uncertainties regarding the validity and comparability of analytical results and consequently regarding health risk assessment.     

Optimal conditions for mycelial growth of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus cells in liquid medium: it enables the molecular investigation of dimorphism

The non‐pathogenic dimorphic fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, could be a suitable model organism for investigation of the genetic background of mycelial growth, as it has a haploid chromosome set and its genome is sequenced. Since earlier results have suggested that its morphological transition required solid substrates, but molecular biological experiments would require hyphae production in a liquid medium, we wanted to find circumstances which would enable hyphae production in liquid media. Several external conditions were investigated, but the strongest inducer was fetal bovine serum (FBS). Its positive effect could be hampered by heat and was dependent on pH, temperature and concentration of the serum. Other protein‐containing compounds, such as peptone and bovine serum albumin or amino acids, proved to be ineffective or weak. Generally, the uninduced and induced mycelial growth of Sz. japonicus could be improved by lower external pH and higher temperature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of Rapid Methods for Detection of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (Oo)cysts Using Transportable Instrumentation in a Field Deployment

Reliable, sensitive, quantitative, and mobile rapid screening methods for pathogenic organisms are not yet readily available, but would provide a great benefit to humanitarian intervention units in disaster situations. We compared three different methods (immunofluorescent microscopy, IFM; flow cytometry, FCM; polymerase chain reaction, PCR) for the rapid and quantitative detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum (oo)cysts in a field campaign. For this we deployed our mobile instrumentation and sampled canal water and vegetables during a 2 week field study in Thailand. For purification and concentrations of (oo)cysts, we used filtration and immunomagnetic separation. We were able to detect considerably high oo(cysts) concentrations (ranges: 15-855 and 0-240 oo(cysts)/liter for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, respectively) in 85 to 300 min, with FCM being fastest, followed by PCR, and IFM being slowest due to the long analysis time per sample. FCM and IFM performed consistently well, whereas PCR reactions often failed. The recovery, established by FCM, was around 30% for Giardia and 13% for Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts. It was possible to track (oo)cysts from the wastewater further downstream to irrigation waters and confirm contamination of salads and water vegetables. We believe that rapid detection, in particular FCM-based methods, can substantially help in disaster management and outbreak prevention.     

产品开发过程中的危机管理

产品开发过程的危机通常无法避免,而应对危机并非一件易事．欲使危机的负面影响降至最低,运用规范的方法应对危机尤显重要．针对目前产品开发的行为特征,提出产品开发过程中应对危机的行为模式．