Sodium chloride crystallization in a “salt transporting” restoration plaster

In recent years several types of restoration plasters, especially developed for salt loaded substrates, have been introduced on the market. The behaviour of these plasters in the field is, however, not always satisfactory. The reasons for failures may be found both in the moisture and salt transport behaviour of the substrate/plaster combination and in the severity of the situation (salt load, moisture supply and environmental conditions).In the present paper a restoration plaster for salt loaded substrates is examined. Its properties and composition are investigated in laboratory by means of multiple techniques (MIP, PFM, ESEM, XRD and FTIR). Particular attention is given to the study of the salt (NaCl) crystallization in the plaster. Field situations are considered in which this plaster shows damage after a few years from its application. The knowledge of the specific situation, together with the information gained in the laboratory research on the plaster, explains the fast development of the decay.     

北京延庆创意园区总体规划

北京延庆创意园区的设计是绿化带与城市结构的双重压缩。城市结构的压缩创造了一个紧密强化的城市环境。城市结构的边缘由相互交织基础创意产业带和配套设施带组成，从而创造了一系列开放空间。景观的压缩使绿化带集中，得以最大化，同时合理利用了基地现有自然。增加的绿化带和公园提供了一个广阔的绿色环境。     

利用分散稳定性获得PET匀染效果

专有的PET缝纫纱染色测试展示了如何借助出色的分散稳定性处理临界工艺。目前,纺织行业必须持续优化其染色工艺。这种优化通过可重现性染色得以实现,这样会减少需要回修的染色产品数量。鉴此,在不改变整个染色工艺的情况下,可通过改进工艺的第一阶段实现节约生产。另外,还介绍了提高操作稳定性以及改用更为经济的优化措施。     

The development of MDDS-COMPASS. Compatibility of plasters with salt loaded substrates

The use of expert systems in building practice and more specifically a system meant to mitigate the effects of decay and damage to buildings belonging to the cultural heritage is a quite recent development.MDDS, the Masonry Damage Diagnostic System, is an expert system developed for the diagnosis of damage to ancient masonry structures. The principles of this system, dating back to 1995, were used as a basis for a new system focusing attention on damage to plasters due to salts. This development took place in the framework of the EU COMPASS project. The project focused on salt damage to plasters in historic buildings. The main aim of the project was to provide end-users with guidelines for decision support, including diagnostic support and support in planning of interventions. The new System is called Monument Damage Diagnostic System.     

Flame Spread Modelling of Complex Textile Materials

Flame spread in textile materials was modelled using two different simulation programs: the semi-empirical area-based code ConeTools, and the computational fluid dynamics, CFD, code Fire Dynamics Simulator, FDS, (version 5). Two textile products developed within the EU-project Flexifunbar were selected for study. The two products show a large difference in composition and application area, one material is developed to function as a protecting layer for the underlying structure in case of fire while the other is an insulating material with no requirements on fire performance. The products represent materials for which fire test results indicate a classification on either end of the rating scale for wall materials according to EN 13501. Two FDS-models were developed for the simulations. The first FDS model was a relatively simple model of the small scale Cone Calorimeter test (ISO 5660) which served the purpose of a first preliminary validation of the model for pyrolysis of the material. In the second FDS model, a model of the intermediate scale Single Burning Item, SBI, test method (EN 13823), the fire scenario was expanded to simulate flame spread over a surface. The work included determination of the necessary material properties. In ConeTools, the option to predict an SBI test was used. The results from the two simulation methods were compared to real SBI tests. Neither model was able to fully predict the heat release rate for these complex products. However, the results from both codes were accurate enough to correctly predict the fire rating class for wall linings according to EN13501.     

Mathematical modelling of fire development in cable installations

In 1996 DG XII of the European Commission (Research and Development) approved a 3 year project on the fire performance of electrical cables. Within this FIPEC project, a major part of the work involved correlation and mathematical modelling of flame spread and heat release rate in cable installations. The FIPEC project has developed different levels of testing ranging from a small‐scale, cone calorimeter test procedures developed for cables and materials, a full‐scale‐test procedure based on the IEC 60332‐3, but utilizing HRR and SPR measurements, and a real scale test conducted on model cable installations. Links through statistical correlations and mathematical fire modelling between these levels were investigated and the findings are presented in this paper. These links could form the scientific foundations for standards upon which fire performance measurements can be based and for new fire engineering techniques within fire performance based codes. Between each testing level correlation, numerical and mathematical models were performed. All of the models were based on the cone calorimeter test method. The complexity of the models varied from correlation models to advanced physical pyrolysis models which can be used in CFD codes. The results will allow advanced prediction of cable fires in the future. Also a bench mark was established for the prediction of cable performance by means of data obtained from the constituent materials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Combustion behaviour of fabric and polyurethane flexible foam mock-up combinations under Cone Calorimetry test conditions

The relative contributions of fabric and foam on important fire hazard parameters as measured in the cone calorimeter were determined for various mock-up combinations. Three commercial types of high-resilience PU flexible slabstock foams, representing a wide range of combustion performance, were combined with three different fabrics: polyester, polypropylene and combustion-modified cotton. Total heat release of the combinations correspond well with the value calculated from the individual components and is determined by the density and effective heat of combustion of the components, and the foam/fabric weight ratio. The foams show a smaller variation in effective heat of combustion than the fabrics. Covering of PU flexible foams with a fabric results in general in a delay of ignition and peak rate of heat release. Performance of the mock-ups is mainly determined by the fabric but is also influenced by the quality of the foam.     

Nanocrystalline 3C-SiC electrode for biosensing applications

Silicon carbide has been proved as a candidate for power and high-frequency devices. In this paper, we show the application of nanocrystalline 3C-SiC as an electrochemical electrode and its electrochemical functionalization for biosensing applications. SiC electrodes show a wider potential window and lower background current than glassy carbon electrodes. The surface can be electrochemically functionalized with diazonium salts, as confirmed by electrochemical techniques and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The nitrophenyl film is used as linker layer to bond DNA molecule to SiC. These results show that 3C-SiC can be an interesting transducer material for applications in electro- and bioelectrochemical applications.