电力电子可靠性的关键—材料特性

电力电子器件的寿命主要由完成其功能过程中大量的热循环所决定。热膨胀系数(CTE)的不同引起材料的疲劳和老化,这样的过程在有功循环和环境或者介质冷却所引起的循环中都会发生。为了理解由于热循环产生的载荷和引起的老化机理,提出了热机械模型以评估材料特性。本文介绍了焊接线剥离故障和大面积焊点处的裂纹扩展两种情况下的模型和计算结果。结果与实验数据相吻合。     

Platelets: Still a Therapeutical Target for Haemostatic Disorders

Platelets are cytoplasmatic fragments from bone marrow megakaryocytes present in blood. In this work, we review the basis of platelet mechanisms, their participation in syndromes and in arterial thrombosis, and their potential as a target for designing new antithrombotic agents. The option of new biotechnological sources is also explored.     

Status and perspectives of renewable energy policy and deployment in the European Union—What is needed to reach the 2020 targets?

This article evaluates the status of current RES deployment, policies and barriers in the EU-27 member states and compares it to the required to meet the 2020 targets. The evaluation relies strongly on the quantitative deployment status and policy effectiveness indicators. European RES deployment and policy has progressed strongly in recent years, but the growth here has been mainly driven by effective policies in a small or medium number of top runner countries. Across Europe, the highest average policy effectiveness over six years was reached for onshore wind (4.2%), biofuels (3.6%) and biomass electricity (2.7%), while in the heat sector, all technologies score below 2%. Comparing the recent progress to the required growth for meeting the 2020 target, it appears that some countries largely exceed the interim targets of the RES Directive 2009/28/EC. Despite this, Europe will need additional policy effort to reach the 2020 target. Critical success factors include implementing effective and efficient policies that attract sufficient investments, reducing administrative and grid related barriers, especially in currently less advanced countries, upgrading the power grid infrastructure, dismantling financial barriers in the heat sector, realising sustainability standards for biomass, and lowering energy demand through increased energy efficiency efforts.     

Universal intervention effects on substance use among young adults mediated by delayed adolescent substance initiation.

In this article, the authors examine whether delayed substance initiation during adolescence, achieved through universal family-focused interventions conducted in middle school, can reduce problematic substance use during young adulthood. Sixth-grade students enrolled in 33 rural midwestern schools and their families were randomly assigned to 3 experimental conditions. Self-report questionnaires provided data at 7 time points for the Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP), Preparing for the Drug Free Years (PDFY), and control groups through young adulthood. Five young adult substance frequency measures (drunkenness, alcohol-related problems, cigarettes, illicit drugs, and polysubstance use) were modeled as distal outcomes affected by the average level and rate of increase in substance initiation across the adolescent years in latent growth curve analyses. Results show that the models fit the data and that they were robust across outcomes and interventions, with more robust effects found for ISFP. The addition of direct intervention effects on young adult outcomes was not supported, suggesting long-term effects were primarily indirect. Relative reduction rates were calculated to quantify intervention-control differences on the estimated proportion of young adults indicating problematic substance use; they ranged from 19% to 31% for ISFP and from 9% to 16% for PDFY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Pötzl Effect: Corroboration of a Cybernetic Hypothesis

The deferred-updating cybernetic theory of the mind/brain information-processing system was devised to explain the purpose of sleep [2]. This theory predicts the existence of an intermediate memory, the circadian memory [14]. This is different from, and auxiliary to, both short-term and long-term mem⊙ry. One of the prime functions of circadian memory, according to the theory, is to store incoming information until it can be integrated into long-term memory. This takes place during sleep, the purpose of which, from an information-processing point of view, is to allow the system to go off-line to accomplish the integration.     

Wear of Carbon-type Seal Materials with Varied Graphite Content

Most carbon-type seal materials contain graphitic carbon as the minor constituent. Materials having graphite carbon as the major constituent were studied as possible seal materials at 10,000 feet per minute sliding velocities, in most experiments the temperature of the mating surfaces was 500°F. Carbon materials made graphitic by electro-graphitization were too soft; they gave high wear and high friction. Bodies molded with high-graphite-content materials and made hard by improved molding methods and impregnation gave acceptable friction and wear properties.

When a hardenable stainless steel was used, the effect of varied hardness of mating surface on wear of typical carbon was slight. Within a limited range, roughness of mating surface is not important to wear of carbons.