Current asthma and respiratory symptoms among pupils in Shanghai, China: influence of building ventilation, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and formaldehyde in classrooms

We investigated 10 naturally ventilated schools in Shanghai, in winter. Pupils (13-14 years) in 30 classes received a questionnaire, 1414 participated (99%). Classroom temperatures were 13-21 degrees C (mean 17 degrees C), relative air humidity was 36-82% (mean 56%). The air exchange rate was 2.9-29.4 ac/h (mean 9.1), because of window opening. Mean CO2 exceeded 1000 ppm in 45% of the classrooms. NO2 levels were 33-85 microg/m3 indoors, and 45-80 microg/m3 outdoors. Ozone were 1-9 microg/m3 indoors and 17-28 microg/m3 outdoors. In total, 8.9% had doctors' diagnosed asthma, 3.1% wheeze, 23.0% daytime breathlessness, 2.4% current asthma, and 2.3% asthma medication. Multiple logistic regression was applied. Observed indoor molds was associated with asthma attacks [odds ratio (OR) = 2.40: P < 0.05]. Indoor temperature was associated with daytime breathlessness (OR = 1.26 for 1 C; P < 0.001), and indoor CO2 with current asthma (OR = 1.18 for 100 ppm; P < 0.01) and asthma medication (OR = 1.15 for 100 ppm; P < 0.05). Indoor NO2 was associated with current asthma (OR = 1.51 for 10 microg/m3; P < 0.01) and asthma medication (OR = 1.45 for 10 microg/m3; P < 0.01). Outdoor NO2 was associated with current asthma (OR = 1.44 for 10 microg/m3; P < 0.05). Indoor and outdoor ozone was negatively associated with daytime breathlessness. In conclusion, asthma symptoms among pupils in Shanghai can be influenced by lack of ventilation and outdoor air pollution from traffic. Practical Implications Most urban schools in Asia are naturally ventilated buildings, often situated in areas with heavy ambient air pollution from industry or traffic. The classes are large, and window opening is the only way to remove indoor pollutants, but this results in increased exposure to outdoor air pollution. There is a clear need to improve the indoor environment in these schools. Building dampness and indoor mold growth should be avoided, and the concept of mechanical ventilation should be introduced. City planning aiming to situate new schools away from roads with heavy traffic should be considered.     

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南海北部大陆边缘经历了前裂谷期、裂谷期、热沉降期和新构造期4大构造演化阶段,形成了多个新生代盆地。在深水区(水深大于300m)裂谷期(古近纪)伸展断裂活动强烈,形成凸凹相间的构造格局,凹陷中沉积了厚度为3 000-6 000m的古近系;热沉降期(早—中中新世)发生了区域性拗陷作用,形成了隆坳相间格局,沉积厚度小于2 000m;新构造期(晚中新世—第四纪)沉降幅度加大,并沉积了巨厚的地层,断裂活动东强西弱。上述3期构造演化均形成了沉积厚度很大的叠加伸展盆地。深水区生烃凹陷是裂谷期的断陷,已经证实的主力烃源岩是渐新统下部中深湖相泥岩、海陆过渡相泥岩、海相泥岩与煤系地层,可能的烃源岩是始新统中深湖相泥岩,潜在的烃源岩是渐新统上部和中新统海相泥岩,生、排烃产物主要是天然气。深水区至少有3套储层,即渐新统海陆过渡相砂岩、新近系海相砂岩及生物礁、始新统陆相砂岩。盖层发育广泛,区域性盖层是新近系海相泥岩和渐新统泥岩。圈闭数量较多,其类型主要有披覆背斜、断层圈闭和深水扇体等。油气运移方式随时间和空间的不同变化很大,受新构造期断裂活动控制,琼东南盆地深水区以侧向运移为主;白云凹陷早期以侧向运移为主,晚期以垂向运移或断坡-断坪运移为主。深水区成藏单元有凸起、凹中次凸、断裂带和深水扇等。深水区油气勘探的策略是优先勘探凹陷内部及其周边正向构造上的构造圈闭,然后逐渐向凹陷内的非构造圈闭拓展。     

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Internet上存在大量的信息资源,如何从中获取有价值的信息一直以来是一个问题。论文在传统搜索引擎的基础上,采用Web挖掘技术,引用概念格知识,提出了个性化搜索引擎。文中分析了个性化搜索引擎的系统构成,详细介绍了每个模块的功能,最后展望了它的发展前景。     

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