全文获取类型
收费全文 | 33132篇 |
免费 | 1611篇 |
国内免费 | 35篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 359篇 |
综合类 | 56篇 |
化学工业 | 7115篇 |
金属工艺 | 615篇 |
机械仪表 | 599篇 |
建筑科学 | 1924篇 |
矿业工程 | 77篇 |
能源动力 | 886篇 |
轻工业 | 2762篇 |
水利工程 | 304篇 |
石油天然气 | 168篇 |
武器工业 | 3篇 |
无线电 | 2439篇 |
一般工业技术 | 6097篇 |
冶金工业 | 5653篇 |
原子能技术 | 215篇 |
自动化技术 | 5506篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 254篇 |
2022年 | 442篇 |
2021年 | 694篇 |
2020年 | 513篇 |
2019年 | 599篇 |
2018年 | 736篇 |
2017年 | 700篇 |
2016年 | 912篇 |
2015年 | 820篇 |
2014年 | 1053篇 |
2013年 | 1953篇 |
2012年 | 1703篇 |
2011年 | 2165篇 |
2010年 | 1539篇 |
2009年 | 1492篇 |
2008年 | 1795篇 |
2007年 | 1693篇 |
2006年 | 1495篇 |
2005年 | 1269篇 |
2004年 | 1131篇 |
2003年 | 981篇 |
2002年 | 955篇 |
2001年 | 572篇 |
2000年 | 565篇 |
1999年 | 562篇 |
1998年 | 608篇 |
1997年 | 518篇 |
1996年 | 521篇 |
1995年 | 481篇 |
1994年 | 453篇 |
1993年 | 469篇 |
1992年 | 406篇 |
1991年 | 244篇 |
1990年 | 331篇 |
1989年 | 331篇 |
1988年 | 277篇 |
1987年 | 300篇 |
1986年 | 292篇 |
1985年 | 317篇 |
1984年 | 285篇 |
1983年 | 266篇 |
1982年 | 252篇 |
1981年 | 227篇 |
1980年 | 191篇 |
1979年 | 189篇 |
1978年 | 178篇 |
1977年 | 156篇 |
1976年 | 139篇 |
1975年 | 145篇 |
1974年 | 117篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
We describe algorithms to implement fully dynamic and kinetic three-dimensional unconstrained Delaunay triangulations, where the time evolution of the triangulation is not only governed by moving vertices but also by a changing number of vertices. We use three-dimensional simplex flip algorithms, a stochastic visibility walk algorithm for point location and in addition, we propose a new simple method of deleting vertices from an existing three-dimensional Delaunay triangulation while maintaining the Delaunay property. As an example, we analyse the performance in various cases of practical relevance. The dual Dirichlet tessellation can be used to solve differential equations on an irregular grid, to define partitions in cell tissue simulations, for collision detection etc. 相似文献
992.
993.
Michael N. Gardos 《Tribology Letters》1995,1(1):67-85
440C steel thrust ball bearing races lubricated with 1 m thick sputtered films of MoS2 were tested in the unidirectional and oscillatory modes against bare steel balls in moderate (10–4–10–5 Pa 10–6–10–7 Torr) vacuum and in 1 atmosphere of 99.999% pure ( 1 ppm water) N2 in the same unbaked environmental chamber. Over 90% of the residual gases in the chamber vacuum consisted of H2O vapor. The bearings operated in N2 showed substantially longer lives compared to the specimens tested in vacuum. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) tribometry was also performed on an MoS2 film powder-burnished onto a 440C flat. This flat was repeatedly oscillated against bare, hemispherical-tipped 440C pins on fresh wear tracks in the same type of N2 and column vacuum of ~10–3 Pa 10–5 Torr itself containing over 90% residual H2O. The SEM-generated results on the burnished film confirmed the same, atmosphere-dependent difference in wear life observed with the sputtered layers. Varying the moisture content of the burnished flat and its immediate environment by cryosorption predictably manipulated the coefficient of friction and wear life of MoS2. The various possible causes of this perplexing phenomenon are reviewed, and a plausible hypothesis is offered attributing the unexpected wear life reduction to the physico-chemical consequences of residual H2O hydrogen-bonding to the oxidized and/or hydrated edge and basal plane sites of MoS2 in moderate vacuum. The site-specific sorption of water is severely hindered in 1 atm N2 by the gas molecules disrupting the H-bonding mechanism. 相似文献
994.
Smith E Lally F Stone MA Shaw JS Nash GB Buckley CD Ed Rainger G 《Microscopy research and technique》2006,69(11):875-884
The use of fluorescent probes that allow visualization of leukocyte-endothelial cell (EC) interactions has greatly informed our understanding of leukocyte recruitment. However, effects of these agents on the biological functions of leukocytes are poorly described, leading to concerns about the interpretation of such data. Here we used two flow-based neutrophil adhesion assays to compare the effects of phase contrast illumination (PCI) with high intensity illumination (HII) used for fluorescent microscopy, in the presence or absence of five commonly used fluorochromes. Isolated neutrophils were either (1) perfused across P-selectin to establish a population of rolling cells, which were subsequently activated with fMLP; or (2) perfused across EC activated with TNF-alpha. In the absence of fluorescent dyes, HII did not affect levels of leukocyte adhesion; however, subsequent neutrophil behavior was dramatically altered when compared with cells under PCI, for example, dramatically reducing their migration velocities. In the presence of fluorescent dyes, the effects of HII were exacerbated, although the precise nature of the biological effects of these probes was agent specific. Thus, for the first time, our experiments describe the effects of fluorescent microscopy on the separate stages of the neutrophil recruitment process and reveal a previously unsuspected effect of HII on neutrophil migration. 相似文献
995.
Although Tau and MAP2 readily assemble into straight filaments (SFs), Tau's unique ability to form paired-helical filaments (PHFs) may offer clues as to why Tau's microtubule-binding region (MTBR) is the exclusive building block of the neurofibrillary tangles that accumulate during Alzheimer's disease. To learn more about the factors permitting Tau to form both SFs and PHFs, we investigated the microtubule binding, thiol oxidation, and polymerization reactions of the monomer and dimer forms of Tau and MAP2 MTBRs. This review focuses on electron microscopic evidence (1) that facilitated the identification of amino acid residues within 3-repeat Tau that promote PHF formation; and (2) provided experimental evidence for the polymerization of S-glutathionylated three-repeat Tau, a reaction that unambiguously demonstrates that disulfide-linked Tau-S-S-Tau dimer formation is not a compulsory step in filament assembly. We also consider these findings within the context of current views on the genetic and biochemical basis of Tau fibrillogenesis. 相似文献
996.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) offers improved depth discrimination and spatial resolution to the analysis of biologic samples. We demonstrate in this paper that such technology is valuable in examining DNA single-strand breaks in human cells. The single-cell-gel (SCG) assay is a new technique for measuring DNA strand breaks in individual cells. Cells embedded in lowmelting-point agarose are treated with varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide to induce DNA strand breaks. Following cell lysis and alkaline electrophoresis, which enables single-stranded break detection, analysis of the resulting “comets” provides an accurate method of comparing changes in DNA migration patterns, which have been shown to reflect the DNA damage levels. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) in single-stranded DNA damage levels was detected in cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide concentrations as low as 10 nm for 2 min. LSM analysis of the SCG technique allows rapid, sensitive and reproducible quantitation of single-stranded breaks of cellular DNA. 相似文献
997.
Pedersoli E Capotondi F Cocco D Zangrando M Kaulich B Menk RH Locatelli A Mentes TO Spezzani C Sandrin G Bacescu DM Kiskinova M Bajt S Barthelmess M Barty A Schulz J Gumprecht L Chapman HN Nelson AJ Frank M Pivovaroff MJ Woods BW Bogan MJ Hajdu J 《The Review of scientific instruments》2011,82(4):043711
We present a compact modular apparatus with a flexible design that will be operated at the DiProI beamline of the Fermi@Elettra free electron laser (FEL) for performing static and time-resolved coherent diffraction imaging experiments, taking advantage of the full coherence and variable polarization of the short seeded FEL pulses. The apparatus has been assembled and the potential of the experimental setup is demonstrated by commissioning tests with coherent synchrotron radiation. This multipurpose experimental station will be open to general users after installation at the Fermi@Elettra free electron laser in 2011. 相似文献
998.
Experimental nanotips have shown significant improvement in the resolution performance of a cold field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). Nanotip electron sources are very sharp electron emitter tips used as a replacement for the conventional tungsten field emission (FE) electron sources. Nanotips offer higher brightness and smaller electron source size. An electron microscope equipped with a nanotip electron gun can provide images with higher spatial resolution and with better signal-to-noise ratio. This could present a considerable advantage over the current SEM electron gun technology if the tips are sufficiently long-lasting and stable for practical use. In this study, an older field-emission critical dimension (CD) SEM was used as an experimental test platform. Substitution of tungsten nanotips for the regular cathodes required modification of the electron gun circuitry and preparation of nanotips that properly fit the electron gun assembly. In addition, this work contains the results of the modeling and theoretical calculation of the electron gun performance for regular and nanotips, the preparation of the SEM including the design and assembly of a measuring system for essential instrument parameters, design and modification of the electron gun control electronics, development of a procedure for tip exchange, and tests of regular emitter, sharp emitter and nanotips. Nanotip fabrication and characterization procedures were also developed. Using a "sharp" tip as an intermediate to the nanotip clearly demonstrated an improvement in the performance of the test SEM. This and the results of the theoretical assessment gave support for the installation of the nanotips as the next step and pointed to potentially even better performance. Images taken with experimental nanotips showed a minimum two-fold improvement in resolution performance than the specification of the test SEM. The stability of the nanotip electron gun was excellent; the tip stayed useful for high-resolution imaging for several hours during many days of tests. The tip lifetime was found to be several months in light use. This paper summarizes the current state of the work and points to future possibilities that will open when electron guns can be designed to take full advantage of the nanotip electron emitters. 相似文献
999.
Zhicong Zhang Li Zheng Michael X. Weng 《The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology》2007,34(9-10):968-980
In this paper, we discuss a dynamic unrelated parallel machine scheduling problem with sequence-dependant setup times and machine–job qualification consideration. To apply the Q-Learning algorithm, we convert the scheduling problem into reinforcement learning problems by constructing a semi-Markov decision process (SMDP), including the definition of state representation, actions and the reward function. We use five heuristics, WSPT, WMDD, WCOVERT, RATCS and LFJ-WCOVERT, as actions and prove the equivalence of the reward function and the scheduling objective: minimisation of mean weighted tardiness. We carry out computational experiments to examine the performance of the Q-Learning algorithm and the heuristics. Experiment results show that Q-Learning always outperforms all heuristics remarkably. Averaged over all test problems, the Q-Learning algorithm achieved performance improvements over WSPT, WMDD, WCOVERT, RATCS and LFJ-WCOVERT by considerable amounts of 61.38%, 60.82%, 56.23%, 57.48% and 66.22%, respectively. 相似文献
1000.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) tribometric data on polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) vs. poly-Si, Si(100) vs. Si(100)
and Si(111) vs. Si(111) interfaces, obtained in
Torr and in 0.2 Torr partial pressure of hydrogen gas (
) from room temperature to 850°C, were performed under standard and much slower thermal ramping rates. The friction data were analyzed per the methodology
described in part I of this paper series. The results indicate a highly beneficial friction- and wear-reducing regime within
a relatively narrow thermal region. This desirable region coincides with some chemisorption of excited species of molecular
hydrogen just before the mass thermal desorption of surface hydrides. These data represent the tribochemical equivalent of
a method routinely used in electronics, whereby deep electron traps (dangling Si bonds) are passivated by baking in molecular
hydrogen. The
also exerts a moderating influence on the size of the friction noise at all test temperatures. However, the general level
of friction beyond the beneficial thermal region is high. In parallel, the general wear rate of Si representative of the entire
range of standard thermal ramping in both atmospheric environments is in the extremely high 10-12m3/(N m) range. Operating strictly in the beneficial, low-friction thermal regime resulted in a several orders-of-magnitude
reduction in the wear rate over those measured under standard thermal ramping conditions. Although the results confirm previous
findings that Si is not a good material of construction for miniaturized moving mechanical assemblies (e.g., microbearings
and gears), there seems to be some limited possibility of gas-phase lubrication of Si micromechanisms with rarefied hydrogen
at surface temperatures between 100 and 300°C.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献