Alkylthio-substituierte Bis(benzol-1,2-dithiolato)zinkate,Benzol-1,2-dithiole und -1,2-dithiolate – Edukte für Dibenzo[c,g](1,2,5,6)tetrathiocine und Benzo[c](1,2,3)-trithiole; Untersuchungen zu Benzodithieten und ortho-Dithiobenzochinonen

Alkylthiosubstituted Bis(benzene-1,2-dithiolato)zincates, Benzene-1,2-dithioles, and -1,2-dithiolates – Educts for Dibenzo[c,g](1,2,5,6)tetrathiocins, and Benzo[c](1,2,3)trithioles; Investigations on Benzodithietes and ortho-Dithiobenzochinones Using benzenehexathiolate 1 it is possible to synthesize alkylthio-substituted benzo-1,3-dithiole-2-thiones 2 , or -ones 3 and benzo-di(1,3-dithiole-2-thiones) 4 , or -ones 5 , resp., which were cleaved under basic conditions. The generated benzene-1,2-dithiolates 7 were isolated as benzene-dithiolato zincates 8 , benzene-1,2-dithioles 11 , and benzene-1-thiole-2-thiolates 10 . Dibenzo[c,g](1,2,5,6)-tetrathiocins 9 were synthesized by oxidation of 7 or 8 in good yields. For the per(methylthio)-substituted tetrathiocin 9a the twist conformation was proved by x-ray structure analysis. The tetrathiocin 9a was probably formed via the orthodithiobenzoquinone 13a . Photolysis of 3a at room temperature in solution led to 9a and tetrakis(methylthio)benzo[c] (1,2,3)trithiole 12a as the main product, which was also formed by irradiation of 9a . The trithioles 12 were formed from 8 by reaction with sulfur dichloride. 12a was investigated by x-ray structure analysis. ortho-Dithiobenzoquinone 13c can be claimed as an intermediate upon irradiation of benzo-1,3-dithiol-2-one 3c in an argon matrix at 10 K. Depending on the wavelength the equilibrium lies either on the side of dithiobenzoquinone 13c or benzodithiete 14c . The same is true for system 15/16 , which can be reached by flash vacuum pyrolysis of 3c .     

Optimised plasma stabilisation at TEXTOR with an advanced, real-time digital control scheme

The tokamak TEXTOR at the Research Centre in Jülich is in operation since more than 25 years. The various control systems at the start, in 1982, were based on analogue techniques, a standard at the time, and were later partly replaced by specially developed digital systems. These systems proved their robustness over the years. As a replacement for the old system, off-the-shelf products were used to ensure continuity, reliability and to reduce the development cost. To provide advanced control scenarios, the new system allows the implementation of more sophisticated algorithms for magnetic and kinetic control. The LabVIEW Real-Time (RT) modules and real-time hardware from National Instruments satisfy these requirements to a large extent. The new system has already been successfully commissioned at TEXTOR and is used to calculate in real-time the plasma density profile (10 ms), the Shafranov shift (10 ms), the plasma vertical and horizontal position (20 $\mu$s) and to control the plasma shape (1 ms). TEXTOR has circular plasmas and has an iron core. Its central part is operated in saturation. During the saturation phase, stray fields change the plasma shape from nearly circular to slightly triangular. By using a shape-control coil set, we can control and adjust the plasma form. The new real-time system is presented as well as the implemented control applications.     

Thermostabile Bindung von Aromastoffen an Stärke Teil 1: Bindung durch Gefriertrocknen

Thermostable Binding of Aroma Compounds to Starch. Part 1: Binding by Freeze-Drying. By freeze-drying of aqueous emulsions or suspensions of menthol, pyrazine, thymol, vanillin or peppermint oil and solutions of native or modified starches, amylose, amylopectin Or β-cyclodextrin sorbates were prepared. After heating to 180°C the aroma compounds were bound thermostable and in most cases also stable during extrusion. In general the adsorbed amounts decreased in the order cyclodextrin, amylose, potato starch, waxy maize starch, maize or tapioca starch, wheat starch, amylopectin. Some modified maize starches adsorbed greater amounts than native maize starch. Menthol and thymol were better bound to high-amylose starches, vanillin and pyrazine better to high-amylopectin starches, but vanillin best to cyclodextrin and pyrazine to maltodextrin (DE 4–5). The desorption of the aroma compounds during chewing in the mouth was limited after formation of channel inclusion compounds with amylose.     

Frequency of the sit to stand task: An observational study of free-living adults

The sit to stand movement is a key determinant of functional independence. Knowledge of the frequency with which the sit to stand movement is performed throughout the day could inform workplace ergonomics, but has rarely been examined.Healthy adults (n = 140) were recruited from the general population. Free-living activity for each participant was reported using an activity monitor. On average, participants performed 60 (±22) sit to stand movements each day. Participants in indoor sedentary occupations performed significantly more sit to stand movements per day than participants in outdoor active occupations (66 vs. 54; n = 102; p = 0.003). Participants (n = 33) performed significantly more sit to stand movements on working days than on non-working days (65 vs. 55; p = 0.018).This analysis provides contemporary data for sit to stand frequency in a predominantly working population, and demonstrates that work and employment have a significant effect on that frequency.     

The effect of aluminum alloying on ductile-to-brittle transition in Hadfield steel single crystal

The ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) in Fe-13Mn-1.3C (Hadfield steel, I) and Fe-13Mn-2.7 Al-1.3C (Hadfield steel, II) (wt.%) single crystals oriented along [011], [[`1]44]{[011], [{\bar{{1}}}44]}, and [[`1]11{\bar{{1}}11}] directions was investigated under tension in the temperature interval of 77 to 673 K. The DBT temperature interval was found to be independent of single crystal orientation. The DBT temperatures were estimated (1) as the mean value between the temperature corresponding to the minimum crystal ductility and the one coinciding with the onset of the plateau of the e{\varepsilon}(T)-dependence (T_DBT1); and (2) as the temperature where the volume fraction of brittle failure on the fracture surfaces was 50% (T_DBT2). The DBT temperatures estimated this way, do not coincide for both steels. Mechanical twinning has been reported as the primary reason for the occurrence of the DBT in austenitic high-carbon Hadfield steel and appears to account for the difference in DBT temperatures as well. Alloying with aluminum partially suppresses twinning in steel (II). Twinning sets in only after a certain amount of dislocation slip, but still influences the fracture mechanism of steel (II).