一体化自伴热节流装置技术开发及应用

针对石油和化工生产装置中节流装置冬季保温伴热存在的能耗高、"跑冒滴漏"现象严重、仪表维护工作量大等问题,提出了将节流装置、仪表引压管、差压变送器及安装附件等集成为一体的理念;介绍了一体化自伴热节流装置在结构设计、专用保温箱设计、散热面积可调及适应性、节能降耗等方面的技术特点,对一体化自伴热节流装置不同公称直径时采用的取压型式和取压短管型式,不同工艺介质条件时变送器和保温箱的结构形式和安装方式等进行了详细说明;并根据该节流装置的使用情况,对该产品的推广应用提出了意见和建议。     

Sheer加氢裂化技术——第一代Sheer加氢裂化技术的工业验证

介绍第一代Sheer加氢裂化技术在某企业2 Mt/a加氢改质装置的工业验证情况。结果表明,正常操作停运反应加热炉的加氢裂化技术可满足开工期间的正常工艺要求,正常操作时反应加热炉主火嘴可熄火;采用高温高压逆流传热技术的高温高压缠绕管换热器表现出了良好的传热性能,可满足开工、正常操作反应器入口温度的控制要求;采用两级微旋流分离器使胺液消耗量降低了50%,循环氢纯度提高约1%,循环氢混合气体的相对分子质量降低约17%;非直接接触在线防垢、除垢器安装在两台高压换热器上后,超声波声能均大于流体中1 nm～1μm污垢颗粒附着能,明显减缓了高压换热器的结垢;新型反应器内构件技术的应用使反应器各床层入口、中部、出口的最大径向温差在3℃内,完全满足了工艺要求;硫化态催化剂新型开工技术,利用饱和焦化汽油中烯烃放出的热量使反应器升温,显著降低了开工期间的加热炉负荷;标定能耗仅为设计能耗的76.3%。第一代Sheer加氢裂化技术完全达到了各项指标要求。     

固定床渣油加氢技术工程化的问题及对策

介绍国内工程化应用的渣油加氢技术,分析了渣油加氢工程化过程中遇到的问题,包括级配催化剂失活不同步及前置反应器结垢、压力降上升快等。对产生这些问题的原因进行了详细分析,包括:①原料变化;②运转时间变化;③级配催化剂变化;④操作温度变化等。提出了全面应对级配催化剂失活不同步的措施,包括:①合理选择原料;②合理选择催化剂;③适时调整操作;④流程设计为操作留有调整空间。对前置反应器结垢、压力降上升快的问题也提出了具体的解决方案。     

糠醛装置加热炉炉管腐蚀失效分析及措施

介绍了中国石油化工股份有限公司荆门分公司轻、重两套糠醛精制装置炉管的腐蚀失效问题。、通过抽出液加热炉炉管的运行状况、工艺条件、腐蚀形貌及腐蚀产物的分析发现：辐射室炉管及弯头的腐蚀泄漏主要是以糠酸腐蚀为主,由糠酸和环烷酸共同作用引起;由于炉管内介质流速和流态的影响,炉管弯头部位的腐蚀比炉管直管段严重。认为降低循环糠醛中的糠酸含量是防护加热炉炉管腐蚀的关键,并采取了一系列防腐措施：将炉管及弯头材质升级为304不锈钢;控制加热炉出口温度在（210±5）℃;新增一套溶剂回收系统;对储罐实施氮气密封保护等实施以上措施后糠醛精制装置又运行了2a。轻、重两套抽出液加热炉炉管没有发生一次腐蚀泄露情况,取得了良好的防腐效果。     

The Development and Application of a Novel Polyamine Water-based Drilling Fluid

Polyamine water-based drilling fluid has been used around the world in recent years. The authors investigated the key additive SDJA-1 as polyamine shale hydration inhibitor. Results indicate that SDJA-1 can suppress clay hydration effectively and provide a pH buffer effect. Polyacrylamide and nano-emulsion ZX-8 were selected as shale encapsulator and lubricant, respectively. The properties of polyamine water-based drilling fluid including inhibition, lubrication and toxicity were evaluated compared with other inhibitive water-based drilling fluids and conventional oil-based drilling fluid. Results show the fluid outperforms other water-based drilling fluids and approaches to the performance of oil-based drilling fluid. Furthermore, the system is non-toxic and environmental friendly, superior to oil-based drilling fluid. This system was successfully applied on well Tian 310 in Shengli oilfield. A caliper log was run which indicated the highest quality wellbore ever recorded in the entire block.     

Stability of the Oil-water Emulsion Formed During Amphiphilic Polymer Flooding

The amphiphilic polymer can greatly improve the stability of produced liquid and thus makes it difficult to treat. It is of great necessity to study the stability of amphiphilic polymer flooding O/W crude oil emulsion. O/W crude oil emulsion tends to be more stable with increasing amphiphilic polymer concentration and decreasing holding temperature. Amphiphilic polymer flooding O/W crude oil emulsion is much more stable, especially when polymer concentration is above critical aggregation concentration. Aggregation formed by hydrophobic groups of the amphiphilic polymer is beneficial to the stability of amphiphilic polymer flooding O/W crude oil emulsions.     

Study on energy flows in thermoacoustic engines utilizing two-temperature heat sources

The proposal of a novel thermoacoustic regenerator using multi-temperature heat sources (MTHS) makes it possible to utilize lower-grade energy and keep relatively high efficiency in a thermoacoustic engine (TE) simultaneously. Based on thermodynamic laws combined with linear thermoacoustic theory, the time-averaged total power, enthalpy flux, acoustic power, entropy flux, and exergy flux in each component are derived and calculated to further understand the mechanism of a TE with the regenerator using two-temperature heat sources (TTHS). The comparison of the energy flows between the traditional TEs and those utilizing TTHS shows that the improvement of the temperature gradient in the regenerator by adding a mid-heater with appropriate heating power can increase the acoustic power and efficiency of a TE.     

塔里木盆地的热史

塔里木盆地的地质热历史与其构造演化史密切相关。塔里木盆地自古生代以来古地温总体呈下降趋势,其间存在两个相对较高的古地温期:一个是寒武纪-早奥陶世,另一个是石炭-二叠纪。早古生代塔里木盆地古地温梯度较高,寒武纪-早奥陶世古地温梯度为每百米3.2～3.5℃,此后地温梯度显著下降;石炭-二叠纪古地温略有上升,地温梯度为每百米3.0～3.2℃;中生代古地温梯度下降平缓,中生代末地温梯度为每百米2.5℃;新生代地温梯度持续下降,现今地温梯度为每百米2℃。由于盆地不同构造单元构造发展演化史不同,塔里木盆地各构造单元的地质热历史各具特征。沙雅隆起与卡塔克隆起以及古城墟隆起在地质历史过程中,长期处于基底隆起区,大地热流始终相对较高;而满加尔坳陷长期处于坳陷区,基底埋深大,古热流相对较低。此外,新生代期间,塔里木盆地受南北向的挤压,由于山脉的负载作用,使盆地中部岩石圈相对上拱的卡塔克隆起地温梯度变化较小或略有上升,而边缘向下挠曲的塔西南坳陷新生代期间持续的快速沉降,地温梯度下降迅速,且幅度较大。     

ON THE WETTABILITY OF CARBON ELECTRODES BY MOLTEN CRYOLITE-ALUMINA ELECTROLYTE

<正> 在冰晶石-氧化铝熔盐电解中,电解质向阴极渗透以及在阳极上发生阳极效应,这些过程都和电解质对炭电极的湿润性有关系。将近二十年前Жемчужина和Беляев曾在电极极化条件下研究NaF-AlF_3,Na_3AlF_6-Al_2O_3系以及含有盐类添加物的冰晶石熔液在炭板上的湿润角,但试验用电流强度较小(0.01—0.3A)。我们在实验室用微型电解槽,采取较大的电流强度(0.1—5.0A,其中包括与工业上铝电解槽阳极电流密度值     

谈"标注形位公差值应注意的问题"

本文就标注形位公差值时应注意哪些问题才能使形位公差与尺寸公差之间、单项形位公差与综合形位公差之间，定向公差与定位公差之间以及跳动公差与非跳动公差之间不至因选值不当而产生重复控制或解释矛盾，以及如何标注等问题进行了阐述。