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171.
Domestic energy use accounts for more than a quarter of CO2 emissions in the UK. Traditional approaches to energy reduction look at direct emissions savings, and recommend insulation
and efficiency as more cost-effective than microgeneration. However, microgeneration has indirect, ‘soft’ benefits and could
play a significant role in emissions reduction. Current uptake of microgeneration in the UK is low, with various barriers—economic,
technical, cultural, behavioural and institutional—both to uptake and to maximising energy and emissions savings once installed.
Subsidies and spreading information alone do not guarantee maximising uptake, and even if successful, this is not enough to
maximise savings. The industry focuses on maximising sales, with no incentives to ensure best installations and use; householders
do not have access to the best information, and user behaviour does not maximise energy and emission savings. This is related
to a broader state of socio-technical ‘lock-in’ in domestic energy use; there’s a lack of connection between personal behaviour
and energy consumption, let alone global climate change. This suggests that a major cultural–behavioural shift is needed to
reduce energy/emissions in the home. Transition theory and strategic niche management provide insights into possible systemic
change and a suitable framework for future policies, such as supporting a variety of radically innovative niches, both technological
and social. Microgeneration, properly employed, has the potential to play a part in such a transition by increasing awareness
and energy literacy and empowering people to seriously engage in energy debates as producers, as well as consumers, of energy.
This deeper understanding and heightened responsibility are crucial in a shift toward bottom-up emission-reducing behaviour
change and better acceptance of top-down energy-saving policy measures, as part of a new domestic energy paradigm. The implications
for policy are that, as well as supporting the technologies, it needs to support existing niches and to develop new niche
experiments. Policy needs to consider how to promote empowerment and responsibility and support or even develop new energy
sector models; this will involve a range of stakeholders and multiple governance levels, not just national incentive schemes. 相似文献
172.
Structures made of shape memory polymer composite (SMPC), due to their ability to be formed into a desired compact loading shape and then transformed back to their original aperture by means of an applied stimulus, are an ideal solution to deployment problems of large and lightweight space structures. In the literature, there is a wide array of work on constitutive laws and qualitative analyses of SMP materials; dynamic equations and numerical solution methods for SMPC structures have rarely been addressed. In this work, a macroscopic model for the shape fixation and shape recovery processes of SMPC structures and a finite element formulation for relevant numerical solutions are developed. To demonstrate basic concepts, a cantilever SMPC beam is used in the presentation. In the development, a quasi‐static beam model that combines geometric nonlinearity in beam deflection with a temperature‐dependent constitutive law of SMP material is obtained, which is followed by derivation of the dynamic equations of the SMPC beam. Furthermore, several finite element models are devised for numerical solutions, which include both beam and shell elements. Finally, in numerical simulation, the quasi‐static SMPC beam model is used to show the physical behaviors of the SMPC beam in shape fixation and shape recovery. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
173.
This article presents the fabrication and characterization of poly dimethylsiloxane/carbon nanofiber (CNF)-based nanocomposites. Although silica and carbon nanoparticles have been traditionally used to reinforce mechanical properties in PDMS matrix nanocomposites, this article focuses on understanding their impacts on electrical and thermal properties. By adjusting both the silica and CNF concentrations, 12 different nanocomposite formulations were studied, and the thermal and electrical properties of these materials were experimentally characterized. The developed nanocomposites were prepared using a solvent-assisted method providing uniform dispersion of the CNFs in the polymer matrix. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to determine the dispersion of the CNFs at different length scales. The thermal properties, such as thermal stability and thermal diffusivity, of the developed nanocomposites were studied using thermogravimetirc and laser flash techniques. Furthermore, the electrical volume conductivity of each type of nanocomposite was tested using the four-probe method to eliminate the effects of contact electrical resistance during measurement. Experimental results showed that both CNFs and silica were able to impact on the overall properties of the synthesized PDMS/CNF nanocomposites. The developed nanocomposites have the potential to be applied to the development of new load sensors in the future. 相似文献
174.
Silicon - Al-Si based alloy matrix composites are now broadly utilized by the industrial sectors like automobile, structural, aerospace and more practical industrial applications due to its... 相似文献
175.
H. Shabgard T.L. Bergman N. Sharifi A. Faghri 《International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer》2010,53(15-16):2979-2988
A thermal network model is developed and used to analyze heat transfer in a high temperature latent heat thermal energy storage unit for solar thermal electricity generation. Specifically, the benefits of inserting multiple heat pipes between a heat transfer fluid and a phase change material (PCM) are of interest. Two storage configurations are considered; one with PCM surrounding a tube that conveys the heat transfer fluid, and the second with the PCM contained within a tube over which the heat transfer fluid flows. Both melting and solidification are simulated. It is demonstrated that adding heat pipes enhances thermal performance, which is quantified in terms of dimensionless heat pipe effectiveness. 相似文献
176.
Low-power W-band CPWG InAs/AlSb HEMT low-noise amplifier 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Riemer P.J. Buhrow B.R. Hacker J.B. Bergman J. Brar B. Gilbert B.K. Daniel E.S. 《Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE》2006,16(1):40-42
We present the development of a low-power W-band low-noise amplifier (LNA) designed in a 200-nm InAs/AlSb high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) technology fabricated on a 50-/spl mu/m GaAs substrate. A single-stage coplanar waveguide with ground (CPWG) LNA is described. The LNA exhibits a noise figure of 2.5 dB and an associated gain of 5.6 dB at 90 GHz while consuming 2.0 mW of total dc power. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the lowest reported noise figure for an InAs/AlSb HEMT LNA at 90 GHz. Biased for maximum gain, the single-stage amplifier presents 6.7-dB gain and an output 1-dB gain compression point (P1dB) of -6.7dBm at 90 GHz. The amplifier provides broad-band gain, greater than 5dB over the entire W-band. 相似文献
177.
178.
The water‐transport, mechanical, and chemical‐structure changes in various vinyl ester, novolac, and urethane‐modified vinyl ester thermosets exposed to water at 50 to 95°C for times up to 1000 days have been studied within the framework of a larger study of osmotic blistering in fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) process components. The water sorption saturation concentration did not reach a steady‐state value but gradually increased in many cases upon long‐term exposure. The diffusion coefficient was not significantly affected. Infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry indicated that the net mass loss from the thermosets on immersion in water was due to the leaching of non‐reacted styrene, monomer, and additives. It is suggested that this, together with polymer relaxation processes (as measured on specimens under tension in water at 80°C), is the primary reason for the time‐dependent increase in the water saturation concentration. Infrared spectroscopy indicated that, even at the highest temperatures, hydrolysis of the polymer ester groups was small. Correlations were found between the styrene content in the uncured thermosets, the estimated solubility parameters, and the sorption and diffusion coefficients. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 相似文献
179.
RM. Senthamarai P. Devadas Manoharan D. Gobinath 《Construction and Building Materials》2011,25(5):2413-2419
Concrete which contains waste products as aggregate is called ‘Green’ concrete. Use of hazardous waste in concrete-making will lead to green environment and sustainable concrete technology and so such concrete can also be called as ‘Green’ concrete. Concrete made with ceramic electrical insulator waste as coarse aggregate shows good workability, compressive, tensile and flexural strengths and modulus of elasticity. Further, study of its durability will ensure greater reliability in its usage. Permeation characters are used widely to quantify durability properties of concrete. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the permeation characteristics [volume of voids and water absorption (ASTM C642-06), chloride penetration (ASTM C1202-10), and sorption] of concrete with ceramic electrical insulator waste coarse aggregate (hereafter it is called recycled aggregate concrete) of six different water–cement ratios in comparison with those of corresponding conventional concrete mixes. From the results it has been observed that there is no significant change in the basic trend of permeation characteristics of this recycled aggregate concrete when compared to the conventional concrete. This recycled aggregate concrete possesses higher permeation characteristic values than those of conventional concrete. These values decrease with decrease in water–cement ratio for both the recycled aggregate concrete and the conventional concrete. 相似文献
180.
Design and nonlinear servo control of MEMS mirrors and their performance in a large port-count optical switch 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Chu P.B. Brener I. Chuan Pu Shi-Sheng Lee Dadap J.I. Sangtae Park Bergman K. Bonadeo N.H. Chau T. Ming Chou Doran R.A. Gibson R. Harel R. Johnson J.J. Lee C.D. Peale D.R. Bo Tang Tong D.T.K. Ming-Ju Tsai Qi Wu Zhong W. Goldstein E.L. Lin L.Y. Walker J.A. 《Journal of microelectromechanical systems》2005,14(2):261-273
In this paper, we demonstrate full closed-loop control of electrostatically actuated double-gimbaled MEMS mirrors and use them in an optical cross-connect. We show switching times of less than 10 ms and optical power stability of better than 0.2 dB. The mirrors, made from 10-/spl mu/m-thick single-crystal silicon and with a radius of 400-450 /spl mu/m, are able to tilt to 8/spl deg/ corresponding to 80% of touchdown angle. This is achieved using a nonlinear closed-loop control algorithm, which also results in a maximum actuation voltage of 85 V, and a pointing accuracy of less than 150 /spl mu/rad. This paper will describe the MEMS mirror and actuator design, modeling, servo design, and measurement results. 相似文献