TRANSMITTANCE OF NEAR-INRARED ENERGY BY BINARY GLASSES*

A study has been made of the transmittance of near-infrared energy by a number of binary glasses. Of the systems studied, the lithia-silica and lead oxide-silica glasses were found to have the highest transmittance of energy in the range of wave lengths from 3.0 to 5.0 microns. The transmittance of lithia-silica glass is compared with that of the other alkali-silica glasses. Values of transmittance are given for lead silicate glasses of higher lead content than previously reported in the literature.     

Aerodynamics and aerosol particle deaggregation phenomena in model oral-pharyngeal cavities

The results of numerical simulations of the aerodynamics and of solid aerosol deaggregation phenomena arising in the process of airflow through various model human oropharyngeal cavities are reported. Special attention is given to the relevance of these simulations to the inhalation of dry-powder therapeutic aerosols. Several two- and three-dimensional mouth and throat geometries (terminating just beyond the larynx) are considered. Cross-sectional area-averaged viscous stress values are numerically determined as a function of distance from the mouth opening. These values, ranging from approximately 10 to 500 dyn cm⁻², are compared with estimates of Van der Waals attractive forces per unit area of particle-particle contact so as to evaluate the ability of the flowing airstream to deaggregate aerosol particles that enter the mouth in an aggregated state (held together principally by Van der Waals attractive forces). Estimates of airstream viscous stress differ markedly depending on whether the geometry is two- or three-dimensional. Quantitative differences between flow in a 90°-bend model and an oropharyngeal geometry numerically reconstructed from a cast of a human mouth and throat are especially significant in regards to the ability of the airstream to break apart particle agglomerates. For all geometries it is observed that increasingly smaller particle agglomerates may potentially be separated as the airflow rate increases from 30 to 2001 min⁻¹. At the highest airflows, aggregated particles of diameter near to or even below 1 μm may potentially be separated by the airflow. If separation of particle agglomerates is to occur, it appears far more likely to take place in the throat than in the mouth. This is especially apparent for the more physiologically faithful oropharyngeal geometries considered.