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81.
Verleger Rolf; Ja?kowski Piotr; Aydemir Ayta?; van der Lubbe Rob H. J.; Groen Margriet 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2004,133(4):494
In general, both consciously and unconsciously perceived stimuli facilitate responses to following similar stimuli. However, masked arrows delay responses to following arrows. This inverse priming has been ascribed to inhibition of premature motor activation, more recently even to special processing of nonconsciously perceived material. Here, inverse priming depended on particular masks, was insensitive to contextual requirements for increased inhibition, and was constant across response speeds. Putative signs of motor inhibition in the electroencephalogram may as well reflect activation of the opposite response. Consequently, rather than profiting from inhibition of primed responses, the alternative response is directly primed by perceptual interactions of primes and masks. Thus there is no need to assume separate pathways for nonconscious and conscious processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
82.
The authors examined how situation models are updated during text comprehension. If comprehenders keep track of the evolving situation, they should update their models such that the most current information, the here and now, is more available than outdated information. Contrary to this updating hypothesis, E. J. O'Brien, M. L. Rizzella, J. E. Albrecht, and J. G. Halleran (1998) obtained results suggesting that outdated or incorrect information may still influence the comprehension process. The authors of the current study demonstrate that the nature of E. J. O'Brien et al.'s materials were the likely cause of this pattern of results. Hence, the current authors constructed materials that circumvent identified confounds and in a reading-time experiment obtained evidence supporting the here-and-now hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
83.
Hinken D Schinke C Herlufsen S Schmidt A Bothe K Brendel R 《The Review of scientific instruments》2011,82(3):033706
We report in detail on the luminescence imaging setup developed within the last years in our laboratory. In this setup, the luminescence emission of silicon solar cells or silicon wafers is analyzed quantitatively. Charge carriers are excited electrically (electroluminescence) using a power supply for carrier injection or optically (photoluminescence) using a laser as illumination source. The luminescence emission arising from the radiative recombination of the stimulated charge carriers is measured spatially resolved using a camera. We give details of the various components including cameras, optical filters for electro- and photo-luminescence, the semiconductor laser and the four-quadrant power supply. We compare a silicon charged-coupled device (CCD) camera with a back-illuminated silicon CCD camera comprising an electron multiplier gain and a complementary metal oxide semiconductor indium gallium arsenide camera. For the detection of the luminescence emission of silicon we analyze the dominant noise sources along with the signal-to-noise ratio of all three cameras at different operation conditions. 相似文献
84.
An input design method is presented for guaranteeing the diagnosability of faults from the outputs of a system. Faults are modeled by discrete switches between linear models with bounded disturbances and measurement errors. Zonotopes are used to efficiently characterize the set of inputs that are guaranteed to lead to outputs that are consistent with at most one fault scenario. Provided that this set is nonempty, an element is then chosen that is minimally harmful with respect to other control objectives. This approach leads to a nonconvex optimization problem, but is shown to be equivalent to a mixed-integer quadratic program that can be solved efficiently. Methods are given for reducing the complexity of this program, including an observer-based method that drastically reduces the number of binary variables when many sampling times are required for diagnosis. 相似文献
85.
86.
(续接本刊2007年第7期第36页)2电子废物管理方式和立法提案2.1延伸生产者责任制延伸生产者责任制(EPR)作为废物管理的新模式得以广泛推广。OECD将EPR定义为一种新的环境制度,在该制度下,生产者对其产品的责任延伸到产品销售后的整个生命周期,包括最终处置(OECD,2001)。与污染者付费原则一致, 相似文献
87.
88.
Angel Medina Markus Schmidt-Heydt Diana L. Cárdenas-Chávez Roberto Parra Rolf Geisen Naresh Magan 《Journal of the Royal Society Interface》2013,10(85)
The objective of this study was to integrate data on the effect of water activity (aw; 0.995–0.93) and temperature (20–35°C) on activation of the biosynthetic FUM genes, growth and the mycotoxins fumonisin (FB1, FB2) by Fusarium verticillioides in vitro. The relative expression of nine biosynthetic cluster genes (FUM1, FUM7, FUM10, FUM11, FUM12, FUM13, FUM14, FUM16 and FUM19) in relation to the environmental factors was determined using a microarray analysis. The expression was related to growth and phenotypic FB1 and FB2 production. These data were used to develop a mixed-growth-associated product formation model and link this to a linear combination of the expression data for the nine genes. The model was then validated by examining datasets outside the model fitting conditions used (35°C). The relationship between the key gene (FUM1) and other genes in the cluster (FUM11, FUM13, FUM9, FUM14) were examined in relation to aw, temperature, FB1 and FB2 production by developing ternary diagrams of relative expression. This model is important in developing an integrated systems approach to develop prevention strategies to control fumonisin biosynthesis in staple food commodities and could also be used to predict the potential impact that climate change factors may have on toxin production. 相似文献
89.
90.
Beatriz Gutiérrez‐Rivera Krzysztof Waliszewski‐Kubiak Octavio Carvajal‐Zarrabal Maria Guadalupe Aguilar‐Uscanga 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2012,87(2):263-270
BACKGROUND: Efficient conversion of glucose/xylose mixtures from lignocellulose is necessary for commercially viable ethanol production. Oxygen and carbon sources are of paramount importance for ethanol yield. The aim of this work was to evaluate different glucose/xylose mixtures for ethanol production using S. cerevisiae ITV‐01 (wild type yeast) and P. stipitis NRRL Y‐7124 and the effect of supplying oxygen in separate and co‐culture processes. RESULTS: The complete conversion of a glucose/xylose mixture (75/30 g L?1) was obtained using P. stipitis NRRL Y‐7124 under aerobic conditions (0.6 vvm), the highest yield production being Yp/s = 0.46 g g?1, volumetric ethanol productivity Qpmax = 0.24 g L?1 h?1 and maximum ethanol concentration Pmax = 34.5 g L?1. In the co‐culture process and under aerobic conditions, incomplete conversion of glucose/xylose mixture was observed (20.4% residual xylose), with a maximum ethanol production of 30.3 g L?1, ethanol yield of 0.4 g g?1 and Qpmax = 1.26 g L?1 h?1. CONCLUSIONS: The oxygen present in the glucose/xylose mixture promotes complete sugar consumption by P. stipitis NRRL Y‐7124 resulting in ethanol production. However, in co‐culture with S. cerevisiae ITV‐01 under aerobic conditions, incomplete fermentation occurs that could be caused by oxygen limitation and ethanol inhibition by P. stipitis NRRL Y‐7124; nevertheless the volumetric ethanol productivity increases fivefold compared with separate culture. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献