Stress Relief Mechanisms in Magnesia- and Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

Stabilized zirconias exhibit pronounced photoelastic effects when viewed with transmitted polarized light. Thin sections reveal stress concentrations around pores and inclusions and at grain boundaries. The yield point of these materials, at some high temperature, is exceeded and plastic deformation tends to relieve these stress concentrations. The microhardness measurements of magnesia-stabilized zirconia indicate both solution hardening and solute segregation and help to explain the physical behavior of this system as the amount of MgO is varied.     

The Use of Non-aqueous Solvents in Dyeing

A polyester package dyeing system based upon water and 2-ethoxyethanol is described. The process is similar to and a natural development of the silicone—perchloroethylene system discussed in Part I [1]. It is a bicomponent homogeneous system. Water replaces silicone as the bulking medium or antisolvent and 2-ethoxyethanol replaces perchloroethylene as the dye solvent. Potentially it is a more versatile system than Dacsol, e.g. cotton-polyester fibre blends can be dyed. High yields result from a low 2-ethoxyethanol: fibre ratio. Existing disperse dyes in diluent-free or commercial forms are suitable. Water quality, however, is important.     

INTERACTION PATTERNS IN CHILDREN WITH PHENYLKETONURIA.

TO ELUCIDATE THE ROLE OF EMOTIONAL FACTORS IN PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU), 4 S GROUPS COMPRISED OF PKU, RETARDED AND/OR BRAIN DAMAGED, PSYCHOTIC, AND NORMAL CHILDREN WERE COMPARED ON A MEASURE OF INTERACTION BEHAVIOR. ON TOTAL INTERACTION SCORES, THE PKU GROUP WAS FOUND TO PERFORM SIGNIFICANTLY MORE POORLY THAN THE NORMALS, BUT SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER THAN THE PSYCHOTICS. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PKU GROUP AND RETARDED AND/OR BRAIN-DAMAGED GROUP TENDED TOWARD SIGNIFICANCE, ALTHOUGH ON SEPARATE COMPARISONS FOR THE 3 SOCIAL STIMULUS CONDITIONS THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE 2 GROUPS WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT. THE PKU GROUP WAS FOUND TO BE THE MOST HETEROGENEOUS, AND THE CLUSTERING OF SCORES SUGGESTED THAT PHENYLKETONURIA IS BEHAVIORALLY NOT A UNITARY DISORDER. CORRELATIONS OF INTELLIGENCE CRITERIA AND INTERACTION SCORES FOR THE PKU GROUP FURTHER INDICATED THAT THE INTERACTION MEASURE MAY TAP FUNCTIONS NOT ASSESSED BY STANDARDIZED IQ TESTS. (18 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ISOMETRIC TENSION STUDIES ON CHICKEN PECTORALIS MAJOR MUSCLE

Broiler Pectoralis major developed and released isometric tension in phosphate buffer at varying temperatures and pH levels. The presence of 1 mM calcium or magnesium in the incubation buffer enhanced tension release as did EDTA and combinations of calcium-EDTA or magnesium-EDTA. Tension release rate varied among birds being fastest in those with the shortest time to maximum tension. Amount of tension released 2 hr post-maximum tension correlated significantly (P < 0.01) with amount released from 3 through 12 hr. 2-hr values correlated negatively (P < 0.01) with time to maximum tension but not tenderness (shear value), suggesting that amount of tension release is not indicative of tenderness differences among birds.     

NatureTime: Temporal Granularity in Simulation of Ecosystems

Granularity of time is an important issue for the understanding of how actions performed at coarse levels of time interact with others, working at finer levels. However, it has not received much attention from most AI work on temporal logic. In simpler domains of application we may not need to consider it a problem but it becomes important in more complex domains, such as ecological modelling. In this domain, aggregation of processes working at different time granularities (and sometimes cyclically) is very difficult to achieve reliably. We have proposed a new time granularity theory based onmodular temporal classes, and have developed a temporal reasoning system to specify cyclical processes of simulation models in ecology at many levels of time.     

Thermoluminescence Spectra of Inorganic Dust from Irradiated Herbs and Spices

Thermoluminescence (TL) is used to determine whether certain foodstuffs have been irradiated. A high sensitivity TL spectrometer was used to analyze irradiated and unirradiated inorganic dusts from herbs and spices. Unlike earlier TL work using emissions in the UV-green spectral range, the spectrometer monitored transient TL emissions across the spectral range from UV to infra-red as samples were heated to 400°C. A strong high temperature red emission peak was detected in all irradiated samples. This signal was much higher than the background level, insensitive to post-irradiation light exposure, and has potential for irradiation exposure determination.     

Influence of added calcium chloride on the heat stability of unconcentrated and concentrated bovine milk

The influence of added calcium chloride (1–10 mmol/L) on the heat-induced coagulation of skim bovine milk was examined. Unconcentrated milk displayed a pH-heat coagulation time (HCT) profile with a maximum at pH 6.6 and minimum at pH 7.0. Adding calcium chloride to unconcentrated milk progressively reduced the HCT at the maximum, increased the pH at which the maximum occurred and reduced the HCT at pH > 7.0. For concentrated milk, the shape of the pH-HCT profile, that is, a maximum at pH 6.6, was not altered by added calcium chloride, but HCT was reduced progressively with increasing concentration of calcium chloride. Preheating (90°C for 10 min) shifted the maximum in the pH-HCT profile of unconcentrated milk to a more acidic pH, and addition of 5 mmol/L calcium chloride to preheated milk induced changes in heat stability similar to those noted for unheated milk. Addition of calcium chloride to milk prior to preheating strongly reduced the stability of milk against heat-induced coagulation. These data suggest that calcium has a strong destabilizing effect on the stability of milk systems against heat-induced coagulation.     

Abbeystead Outfall Works: Background to Repairs and Modifications – and Lessons Learned

The explosion at the Abbeystead valve house in May 1984, with its attendant loss of life and injury, forcibly drew the attention of the public to the dangers of methane and other natural gases. It also reaffirmed to the water industry and engineering professions the pervasive nature of the gas and the need to take appropriate measures in the construction, design and operation of any scheme which involves a possible methane presence. The investigations into the source and mechanism of the methane gas ingress, and the design of the permanent repairs and modifications to the scheme, have illustrated many of the risks and problems associated with methane and the measures for dealing with them.
The paper describes the essential repairs and modifications which had to be carried out, the main lessons learned, and the recommendations which are felt to be applicable to new and existing water schemes where methane may be present.