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81.
O'Connell Kathleen A.; Schwartz Joseph E.; Shiffman Saul 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2008,22(4):486
A resource depletion model of self-control posits that for some period following performance of a task requiring self-control, self-control will be reduced and thus less available for use in a subsequent task. Using 2 substantial data sets collected in real time from individuals who were trying to quit smoking (1,660 and 9,516 temptation episodes collected from 61 and 248 individuals, respectively), we evaluated this model by testing the hypotheses that the number and length of resisted temptations and the intensity of the most recently reported urge during the prior 4 hr predict decreased self-control and increased likelihood of lapsing. Survival and multilevel regression modeling showed that contrary to the hypothesis, the number of recently resisted temptations predicted a lower risk of lapsing in both samples. Duration of resisted temptations had no significant effect in either sample. Intensity of most recently reported urge predicted lapsing in 1 data set but not in the other. Overall, there was little support for the resource depletion model. The protective effect of successfully resisting temptations was an unexpected but provocative finding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
82.
Shiffman Saul; Engberg John B.; Paty Jean A.; Perz Walter G.; Gnys Maryann; Kassel Jon D.; Hickcox Mary 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,106(1):104
Smokers who recently quit (N?=?214) monitored smoking urges for up to 26 days after quitting. Computers administered 4–5 assessments daily at random times; participants rated urges on waking and when they experienced temptation episodes. Urge intensity after cessation did not generally exceed urges reported during baseline ad lib smoking. Urge intensity and temptation frequency consistently declined over the quit period. Controlling for urge intensity at baseline, all daily urge intensity measures predicted lapse the following day in proportional hazards survival analyses. Average duration of temptation episodes also predicted lapses; frequency of temptation did not. To isolate the effect of day-to-day variations in urges, participants' nicotine dependence and urge intensity on quit day were controlled for. Only urge intensity at waking still predicted lapse risk; this was not because of this measure being closer in time to the day's lapses. Among lapsers, urge intensity at waking and in temptations rose preceding a lapse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
83.
Data on the antecedents of relapse crises (actual or near lapses in abstinence) were collected from 183 former smokers who called a relapse-counseling hotline. Most relapse crises were associated with anxiety, anger, and depression. One-third of relapse crises were associated with positive feeling states and were frequently precipitated by other smokers, eating, and alcohol consumption. Withdrawal symptoms played a part in only half of the episodes. Ss' coping responses rather than situational antecedents distinguished relapse crises resulting in smoking from those in which abstinence was maintained. A combination of cognitive and behavioral responses was most successful. Behavioral coping was subject to situational influences; Ss who had been drinking alcohol were less likely to engage in behavioral coping, and depression diminished its effectiveness. Cognitive coping responses, which were less affected by these variables, may be critical components of former smokers' coping repertoires. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
84.
85.
Jenkins C. David; Zyzanski Stephen J.; Ryan Thomas J.; Flessas Athanasios; Tannenbaum Saul I. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1977,45(6):1060
Tests measuring the coronary-prone Type A behavior pattern, anxiety, and neuroticism (Jenkins Activity Survey and a series of true–false items dealing with the latter 2 characteristics) were administered to 95 26–68 yr old male patients undergoing coronary angiography. Item analyses suggest that Ss with more serious coronary atherosclerosis were hard-driving, hard-working Type A individuals who put pressure on themselves to solve problems, meet deadlines, and move up the social ladder. At the same time, these patients were often uncomfortable in their interpersonal relationships, and they felt awkward and insecure in groups. They obtained their rewards in life from seeking achievement rather than from socializing with people. They seemed to have a low threshold for becoming tense or depressed. Results suggest that the combination of these 2 sets of essentially independent psychological characteristics, Type A behavior and social insecurity, portends a greater severity of atherosclerosis than the possession of either single characteristic alone. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
86.
The piggyBac (IFP2) short inverted terminal repeat transposable element from the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni was tested for gene transfer vector function as part of a bipartite vector-helper system in the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. A piggyBac vector marked with the medfly white gene was tested with a normally regulated piggyBac transposase helper at two different concentrations in a white eye host strain. Both experiments yielded transformants at an approximate frequency of 3-5%, with a total of six lines isolated having pigmented eyes with various levels of coloration. G1 transformant siblings from each line shared at least one common integration, with several sublines having an additional second integration. For the first transformant line isolated, two integrations were determined to be stable for 15 generations. For five of the lines, a piggyBac-mediated transposition was verified by sequencing the insertion site junctions isolated by inverse PCR that identified a characteristic piggyBac TTAA target site duplication. The efficient and stable transformation of the medfly with a lepidopteran vector represents transposon function over a relatively large evolutionary distance and suggests that the piggyBac system will be functional in a broad range of insects. 相似文献
87.
MR Panara R Padovano MG Sciulli G Santini G Renda MT Rotondo A Pace C Patrono P Patrignani 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,63(6):672-681
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that nimesulide, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, or its principal metabolite 4-hydroxynimesulide, is a selective inhibitor of prostaglandin H synthase-2 in human beings. METHODS: Heparinized whole blood samples obtained from healthy subjects were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (10 micrograms/ml) for 24 hours at 37 degrees C and prostaglandin E2 was measured in plasma as an index of monocyte prostaglandin H synthase-2 activity. The production of thromboxane B2 in whole blood allowed to clot at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes was assessed as an index of platelet prostaglandin H synthase-1 activity. We also measured the urinary excretion of 11-dehydrothromboxane B2, prostaglandin E2, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha, and thromboxane B2 as in vivo indexes of cyclooxygenase activity. All prostanoids were measured by previously validated radioimmunoassay techniques. RESULTS: In the whole blood assays in vitro, nimesulide was twentyfold more potent than 4-hydroxynimesulide toward the two isozymes and both compounds displayed a twentyfold preference for prostaglandin H synthase-2 versus prostaglandin H synthase-1. The administration of a single oral dose of 100 mg nimesulide to six healthy subjects significantly (p < 0.01) reduced monocyte prostaglandin H synthase-2 and prostaglandin H synthase-1 activity ex vivo by more than 90% and 50%, respectively, up to 6 hours. At 24 hours, prostaglandin H synthase-2 but not prostaglandin H synthase-1 activity was significantly reduced by 49% (p < 0.05). Nimesulide significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the urinary excretion of 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha by approximately 30% and 25%, respectively, while not affecting that of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2. CONCLUSIONS: Nimesulide is a potent inhibitor of human monocyte prostaglandin H synthase-2. However, despite a twentyfold selectivity ratio, therapeutic plasma levels of nimesulide are sufficiently high to cause detectable inhibition of platelet prostaglandin H synthase-1. 相似文献
88.
Collins R. Lorraine; Morsheimer Elizabeth T.; Shiffman Saul; Paty Jean A.; Gnys Maryann; Papandonatos George D. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,6(3):306
We assessed predictors of self-reported excessive drinking (>5 drinks) in a sample of heavy drinkers. Participants were randomly assigned to moderation training or a waiting-list control condition. They were trained in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involving self-monitoring of drinking and other variables on a small hand-held computer, the electronic diary (ED). During the 8-week study, participants were compliant in their use of the ED for both random prompts and the entry of data related to specific drinking episodes. Generalized estimating equations were used to fit models involving predictors related to past history of drinking, aspects of the training program, drinking restraint, and episode-specific mood. The models indicated robust predictors of decreased and increased drinking. Our results suggest that EMA is a useful methodology for assessing drinking and related behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
89.
Horowitz Leonard M.; Rosenberg Saul E.; Baer Barbara A.; Ure?o Gilbert; Villase?or Valerie S. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1988,56(6):885
Describes a new instrument, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP), which measures distress arising from interpersonal sources. The IIP meets the need for an easily administered self-report inventory that describes the types of interpersonal problems that people experience and the level of distress associated with them before, during, and after psychotherapy. In Study 1, psychometric data are presented for 103 patients who were tested at the beginning and end of a waiting period before they began brief dynamic psychotherapy. On both occasions, a factor analysis yielded the same six subscales; these scales showed high internal consistency and high test–retest reliability. Study 2 demonstrated the instrument's sensitivity to clinical change. In this study, a subset of patients was tested before, during, and after 20 sessions of psychotherapy. Their improvement on the IIP agreed well with all other measures of their improvement, including those generated by the therapist and by an independent evaluator. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
90.
On the basis of previous analyses of a mental hospital and a university graduate program, 5 a priori dimensions characteristic of innovative organizations were postulated. A Likert-type scale measuring members' perception of their organizations on these dimensions was developed and piloted with teachers and students in a traditional and an innovative secondary school. The scale was then refined and administered to 1,899 additional Ss in 6 traditional high schools. A factor analysis of the responses revealed a major factor (support of creativity) and 2 smaller factors (tolerance of diversity and feelings of ownership). Reliable factor indices were created for the final 61-item instrument, and a validity study was conducted with 2 additional innovative schools. Results indicate significant differences on the scale between respondents from innovative and traditional schools. The results and implications are discussed and suggestions made for further use of the scale. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献