Skills training for drug abusers: Generalization, maintenance, and effects on drug use.

This study reports on the follow-up data for the treatment of drug abuse by J. D. Hawkins et al (see record 1987-08465-001). In the original study, 130 clients in the reentry phase of residential drug treatment programs were randomly assigned to a control group (n?=?60) or to a 10-week supplemental behavioral skills training course (n?=?70). Eighty-two percent of the sample was male, and 75% was White. Subjects' ages ranged from 15 to 55 years, though the majority (71%) were in their twenties. A role-play test assessing skill levels was administered as a pretest, following the 10-week skill training course, and again at 6 and 12 months as follow-ups. Although skills decayed slightly over time, the skill levels of experimental subjects were higher than the control group 12 months after training. Generalization of skills to role-play situations for which no training had been received was also found. However, with the exceptions of marijuana and amphetamine use, skill training did not affect drug use after treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differential effect of acetyltransferase expression on the genotoxicity of heterocyclic amines in CHO cells

We earlier developed the Chinese hamster ovary UV5P3 cell line that expresses cytochrome P4501A2 and lacks nucleotide excision repair for studying metabolism and mutagenicity of heterocyclic amines. The Chinese hamster ovary UV5P3 cells are approximately 50-fold more sensitive to the cooked food mutagen, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) than 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), another genotoxic compound found in cooked food, with respect to cytotoxicity and mutation induction at the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) locus. To test the hypothesis that the important missing activity in our CHO system for IQ genotoxicity was acetyltransferase, we transfected the UV5P3 cells with cDNA plasmids of either the human NAT2 N-acetyltransferase gene or a bacterial O-acetyltransferase gene. Functionally transformed clones were determined by the differential cytotoxicity assay using IQ, and confirmed by measuring the enzyme activity with isoniazid as substrate. Two clones designated 5P3NAT2 and 5P3YG (expressing human and bacterial transferases, respectively) were characterized. Both cell lines were sensitive to killing by IQ at concentrations as low as 4 ng/ml. Based on the D37 value, the dose that reduced the survival to 37% relative to untreated controls, the acetyltransferase expressing lines showed approximately 1000-fold increase in sensitivity to the killing effect of IQ over the parental UV5P3 cell line. The same dramatic change in sensitivity was also seen in mutation response at the aprt locus and with chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges. In contrast, these cell lines showed cytotoxicity to PhIP similar to that of the parental line UV5P3. These results suggest that PhIP does not require acetyltransferase for metabolic activation leading to genotoxicity in these cells. These new cell lines constitute a sensitive cell system for assessing genotoxicity of compounds requiring metabolic activation by both P450IA2 and acetyltransferase, as well as for studying the molecular processes by which DNA damage can lead to mutation and cancer.     

Longitudinal associations of depressive symptoms and pain with quality of life in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis

Depressive symptoms and pain are common in patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD), yet their associations with quality of life (QOL) are not fully understood. We sought to characterize the longitudinal associations of these symptoms with QOL. As part of a trial comparing two symptom management strategies in patients receiving chronic HD, we assessed depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9), and pain using the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF‐MPQ) monthly over 24 months. We assessed health‐related QOL (HR‐QOL) quarterly using the Short Form 12 (SF‐12) and global QOL (G‐QOL) using a single‐item survey. We used random effects linear regression to analyze the independent associations of depressive symptoms and pain, scaled based on 5‐point increments in symptom scores, with HR‐QOL and G‐QOL. Overall, 286 patients completed 1417 PHQ‐9 and SF‐MPQ symptom assessments, 1361 SF‐12 assessments, and 1416 G‐QOL assessments. Depressive symptoms were independently and inversely associated with SF‐12 physical HR‐QOL scores (β = ?1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: ?1.69, ?0.50, P < 0.001); SF‐12 mental HR‐QOL scores (β = ?4.52; 95% CI: ?5.15, ?3.89, P < 0.001); and G‐QOL scores (β = ?0.64; 95%CI: ?0.79, ?0.49, P < 0.001). Pain was independently and inversely associated with SF‐12 physical HR‐QOL scores (β = ?0.99; 95% CI: ?1.30, ?0.68, P < 0.001) and G‐QOL scores (β = ?0.12; 95%CI: ?0.20, ?0.05, P = 0.002); but not with SF‐12 mental HR‐QOL scores (β = ?0.16; 95%CI: ?0.050, 0.17, P = 0.34). In patients receiving chronic HD, depressive symptoms and to a lesser extent pain, are independently associated with reduced HR‐QOL and G‐QOL. Interventions to alleviate these symptoms could potentially improve patients' HR‐QOL and G‐QOL.     

Antioxidant Activity,Reaction Mechanisms,and Kinetics of Matricaria recutita Extract in Commercial Blended Oil Oxidation

Antioxidant activity, reaction mechanisms, and kinetics of Matricaria recutita crude extract (CE; total phenolics: 41 ± 2.5 mg/g, total flavonoids: 26 ± 1.4 mg/g, IC₅₀: 82.3 ± 2.8 µg/mL and reducing power: 10.45 ± 0.56 mmol Fe²⁺/mass) in comparison to tert-Butylhydroquinone during oxidation of blended vegetable oil (sunflower, soybean, and palm oil) at 120, 130, and 140°C were studied. Good correlations existed between the Rancimat oil stability index and stability indices (induction period) calculated from peroxide value, conjugated diene value, and anisidine value with no significant differences in kinetic parameters calculated from them. The temperature acceleration (Q₁₀), activation energy (E_a), frequency factor (A), enthalpy (ΔH⁺⁺), entropy (ΔS⁺⁺), and free energy of activation (ΔG⁺⁺) for oils containing crude extract were lower than for oils containing tert-Butylhydroquinone (0.0025, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02%). Values were independent of crude extract or tert-Butylhydroquinone concentration. For crude extract and tert-Butylhydroquinone, E_a and A were well correlated with ΔH⁺⁺ and ΔS⁺⁺ values, respectively, but correlation between E_a and Q₁₀ for crude extract compared to tert-Butylhydroquinone was poor. Furthermore, the rate of Monounsaturated:Polyunsaturated fatty acids formation did not differ significantly between crude extract and tert-Butylhydroquinone, but concentrations of them did affect Monounsaturated:Polyunsaturated ratio. Based on the results obtained, crude extract decreased the rate of the oxidation reaction due to the decrease in the concentration of the activated complex and reduction in the rate at which the activated complex dissociated into oxidation products.     

Humanization of a mouse monoclonal antibody by CDR-grafting: the importance of framework residues on loop conformation

A mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb 425) with therapeutic potentialwas ‘humanized’ in two ways. Firstly the mouse variableregions from mAb 425 were spliced onto human constant regionsto create a chimeric 425 antibody. Secondly, the mouse complementarity–determiningregions (CDRs) from mAb 425 were grafted into human variableregions, which were then joined to human constant regions, tocreate a reshaped human 425 antibody. Using a molecular modelof the mouse mAb 425 variable regions, framework residues (FRs)that might be critical for antigen-binding were identified.To test the importance of these residues, nine versions of thereshaped human 425 heavy chain variable (VH) regions and twoversions of the reshaped human 425 light chain variable (VJregions were designed and constructed. The recombinant DNAscoding for the chimeric and reshaped human light and heavy chainswere coexpressed transiently in COS cells. In antigen-bindingassays and competition-binding assays, the reshaped human antibodieswere compared with mouse 425 antibody and to chimeric 425 antibody.The different versions of 425–reshaped human antibodyshowed a wide range of avidities for antigen, indicating thatsubstitutions at certain positions in the human FRs significantlyinfluenced binding to antigen. Why certain individual FR residuesinfluence antigen-binding is discussed. One version of reshapedhuman 425 antibody bound to antigen with an avidity approachingthat of the mouse 425 antibody.     

Value of Bulk Energy Storage for Managing Wind Power Fluctuations

This paper considers the impact of uncertain wind forecasts on the value of stored energy (such as pumped hydro) in a future U.K. system, where wind supplies over 20% of the energy. Providing more of the increased requirement for reserves from standing reserve sources could increase system operation efficiency, enhance wind power absorption, achieve fuel cost savings, and reduce CO₂ emissions. Generally, storage-based standing reserve's value is driven by the amount of installed wind and by generation system flexibility. Benefits are more significant in systems with low generation flexibility and with large installed wind capacity. Storage is uniquely able to stock up generated excesses during high-wind/low-demand periods, and subsequently discharge this energy as needed. When storage is combined with standing reserve provided from conventional generation (e.g., open-cycle gas turbines), it is valuable in servicing the highly frequent smaller imbalances     

基于SWOT分析的食品产业链可追溯系统建立及其运用

食品可追溯体系是指对涵盖食品产业链中各个环节的过程进行跟踪和追溯的能力,对食品安全起着重要作用.尽管目前中国已经颁布了各种法规来加强食品安全,但实施过程中的一些差距可能会降低法律的有效性.基于这一情况,采用了混合数据收集方法,旨在实现两个目标:探讨中国食品追溯系统应用的条件;并为香港的一家中型餐馆构建了食品追溯系统.具...     

"Citation impact, rejection rates, and journal value": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by J. Rotton et al (American Psychologist, 1993[Aug], Vol 48[8], 911–912). Table 1 listed the journal Psychological Research twice, and the journals Cognition and Child Study Journal were omitted. The mean SSCI for applied journals in Table 1 should have been 1.17. Multiple rather than squared multiple correlations were reported for rejection rates. Area and type of journal explained 48% of variance in rejection rates, and the F ratio for predicting citations should have been F(9,28)?=?14.82. On page 912, the mean SSCI for experimental journals should have been 1.51. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1994-03368-001.) Comments on L. C. Buffardi and J. A. Nichols's (1981) list of rejection rates for psychological journals and further examines the relation between rejection rates, citation impact, and journal value. It was found that 69% of the variance in rejection rates was explained by area and type of journal. As Buffardi and Nichols reported, rejection rates were higher for APA than for non-APA journals (80.27% vs 65.37%), and citation indices were higher for APA than for non-APA journals (2.63 vs 0.91)… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Home environment and cognitive development in the first 3 years of life: A collaborative study involving six sites and three ethnic groups in North America.

Attempted to examine the generalizability of environment/development relationships among 3 ethnic groups across the first 3 years of life. Social status did not show a consistent relationship to either quality of home environment or children's developmental status across the various groups. Results indicated a fairly consistent relationship between HOME scores and children's developmental status, although there were some ethnic and social status differences in the relationship. Measures of specific aspects of the child's home environment, such as parental responsivity and availability of stimulating play materials, were more strongly related to child developmental status than global measures of environmental quality such as SES. When the child's developmental status and early home environment were both very low, the likelihood of poor developmental outcomes was markedly increased compared with cases when only one was low. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Theory and Application of Semiochemicals in Nuisance Fish Control

Controlling unwanted, or nuisance, fishes is becoming an increasingly urgent issue with few obvious solutions. Because fish rely heavily on semiochemicals, or chemical compounds that convey information between and within species, to mediate aspects of their life histories, these compounds are increasingly being considered as an option to help control wild fish. Possible uses of semiochemicals include measuring their presence in water to estimate population size, adding them to traps to count or remove specific species of fish, adding them to waterways to manipulate large-scale movement patterns, and saturating the environment with synthesized semiochemicals to disrupt responses to the natural cue. These applications may be especially appropriate for pheromones, chemical signals that pass between members of same species and which also have extreme specificity and potency. Alarm cues, compounds released by injured fish, and cues released by potential predators also could function as repellents and be especially useful if paired with pheromonal attractants in “push-pull” configurations. Approximately half a dozen attractive pheromones now have been partially identified in fish, and those for the sea lamprey and the common carp have been tested in the field with modest success. Alarm and predator cues for sea lamprey also have been tested in the laboratory and field with some success. Success has been hampered by our incomplete understanding of chemical identity, a lack of synthesized compounds, the fact that laboratory bioassays do not always reflect natural environments, and the relative difficulty of conducting trials on wild fishes because of short field seasons and regulatory requirements. Nevertheless, workers continue efforts to identify pheromones because of the great potential elucidated by insect control and the fact that few tools are available to control nuisance fish. Approaches developed for nuisance fish also could be applied to valued fishes, which suffer from a lack of powerful management tools.