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61.
62.
Helmut Brandl Claudia Fricker-Feer Dominik Ziegler Jyotshna Mandal Roger Stephan Angelika Lehner 《Journal of dairy science》2014
Airborne communities (mainly bacteria) were sampled and characterized (concentration levels and diversity) at 1 outdoor and 6 indoor sites within a Swiss dairy production facility. Air samples were collected on 2 sampling dates in different seasons, one in February and one in July 2012 using impaction bioaerosol samplers. After cultivation, isolates were identified by mass spectrometry (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight) and molecular (sequencing of 16S rRNA and rpoB genes) methods. In general, total airborne particle loads and total bacterial counts were higher in winter than in summer, but remained constant within each indoor sampling site at both sampling times (February and July). Bacterial numbers were generally very low (<100 cfu/m3 of air) during the different steps of milk powder production. Elevated bacterial concentrations (with mean values of 391 ± 142 and 179 ± 33 cfu/m3 of air during winter and summer sampling, respectively; n = 15) occurred mainly in the “logistics area,” where products in closed tins are packed in secondary packaging material and prepared for shipping. However, total bacterial counts at the outdoor site varied, with a 5- to 6-fold higher concentration observed in winter compared with summer. Twenty-five gram-positive and gram-negative genera were identified as part of the airborne microflora, with Bacillus and Staphylococcus being the most frequent genera identified. Overall, the culturable microflora community showed a composition typical and representative for the specific location. Bacterial counts were highly correlated with total airborne particles in the size range 1 to 5 µm, indicating that a simple surveillance system based upon counting of airborne particles could be implemented. The data generated in this study could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the dairy plant’s sanitation program and to identify potential sources of airborne contamination, resulting in increased food safety. 相似文献
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64.
p‐type TCOs for use in transparent electronics In this article, a new type of semiconducting material is introduced. Transparent conducting thin films are already established in our everydaylife. But the type of these so‐called ?TCOs”? is dominated by electron transport, that means they are n‐type. To get transparent p‐n‐junctions and therefore transparent electronics, the missing part is a transparent p‐type material. Researchers all over the world have found different approach to produce this new generation of materials. At the Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films (IST) in Braunschweig it is now possible to produce these kind of thin films as well. 相似文献
65.
Karina Pombo García Kristof Zarschler Lisa Barbaro José A. Barreto William O'Malley Leone Spiccia Holger Stephan Bim Graham 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2014,10(13):2516-2529
Nanoparticles represent highly promising platforms for the development of imaging and therapeutic agents, including those that can either be detected via more than one imaging technique (multi‐modal imaging agents) or used for both diagnosis and therapy (theranostics). A major obstacle to their medical application and translation to the clinic, however, is the fact that many accumulate in the liver and spleen as a result of opsonization and scavenging by the mononuclear phagocyte system. This focused review summarizes recent efforts to develop zwitterionic‐coatings to counter this issue and render nanoparticles more biocompatible. Such coatings have been found to greatly reduce the rate and/or extent of non‐specific adsorption of proteins and lipids to the nanoparticle surface, thereby inhibiting production of the “biomolecular corona” that is proposed to be a universal feature of nanoparticles within a biological environment. Additionally, in vivo studies have demonstrated that larger‐sized nanoparticles with a zwitterionic coating have extended circulatory lifetimes, while those with hydrodynamic diameters of ≤5 nm exhibit small‐molecule‐like pharmacokinetics, remaining sufficiently small to pass through the fenestrae and slit pores during glomerular filtration within the kidneys, and enabling efficient excretion via the urine. The larger particles represent ideal candidates for use as blood pool imaging agents, whilst the small ones provide a highly promising platform for the future development of theranostics with reduced side effect profiles and superior dose delivery and image contrast capabilities. 相似文献
66.
Volker Neu Pablo Dörig Christof Fattinger Stephan Müller Renato Zenobi 《Microfluidics and nanofluidics》2016,20(4):62
In this work we shed light on the microfluidics of a miniaturized liquid bridge that forms the central part of a so-called “capillary gap sampler,” a novel device for rapid and seamless injection of nanoliter sample volumes into an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (ESI-MS). Parameters relevant for sample flush-out at the liquid bridge and in the spray capillary were identified by systematic variation of the capillary dimensions, the linear buffer flow rate (2.1–34 mm/s) and molecular weight of the analytes (0.5–30 kDa). We found that a reduction in capillary wall thickness by a factor of 1.6 significantly influences analyte peak shapes, leads to an inversion of the relationship between peak width and analyte molecular weight, and allows a fivefold decrease in peak width for large molecules down to 5 s. The results could be verified and explained by simulations, in which the presence of diffusion-controlled “dead zones” at the liquid bridge and dispersion in the spray tip that depend on analyte molecular weight were identified as key factors relevant for the sample flush-out process. The merging of simulations and experimental data gives useful hints toward the re-design of a spray tip as built-in ESI-MS interface for an optimized gap sampler performance. 相似文献
67.
68.
M. Bonalli R. Stephan U. Käppeli N. Cernela L. Adank H. Hächler 《Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)》2012,45(2):953-957
Salmonella serotype Kentucky emerged since 2002 and now ranks among the top ten serovars isolated from humans in Europe, and 8th to 10th in Switzerland. A total of 106 strains isolated from different patients from 2004 through 2009 in Switzerland were further characterized by (i) assessing phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles using the disk diffusion method and (ii) by genotyping using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after macrorestriction with XbaI in order to evaluate strain relationships and trends.In Switzerland, there is evidence for an outbreak in 2006 as the annual incidence almost doubled. A total of 30 strains (28%) were resistant or showed intermediate resistance to one to three antimicrobials and 48 strains (45%) displayed resistance to more than three antibiotics. We found a high prevalence (67%) of nalidixic acid resistance, and 58% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. One strain was a producer of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). PFGE discriminated four clusters (similarity coefficient cut off at 80%).The resistance situation among the strains isolated from 2004 to 2009 in Switzerland is discussed and shown to coincide with findings in other European countries. Based on genetic subtyping, a so far undetected outbreak is likely to have occurred in Switzerland in 2006. Finally, our data identified travelling to Northern Africa as a risk factor for S. Kentucky infections. 相似文献
69.
This study explores the relationship between self‐employment and income growth, employment growth, and change in poverty in metro and non‐metro areas in the United States using county‐level panel data. We investigate the impact of the relative size of the self‐employment sector measured by the share of non‐farm proprietorships (NFPs) in total full and part‐time employment on three key economic performance indicators. We first estimate an income growth model to analyse the effects of self‐employment on income growth. Then we investigate the independent effects of self‐employment on employment growth and changes in family poverty rates. Our results indicate that higher self‐employment rates are associated with statistically significant increases over time in income and employment growth, and reductions in poverty rates in non‐metro counties. We find similar effects on metro county income and employment, but not on poverty dynamics. 相似文献
70.
Univ.-Doz. Mag. Dr. Anton Köck Livia Chitu Stefan Defregger Elke Kraker Günther Maier Stephan Steinhauer Robert Wimmer-Teubenbacher 《BHM Berg- und Hüttenm?nnische Monatshefte》2014,159(9):385-389
We report on the synthesis of SnO2 and CuO nanowires and their application as gas sensing components. The fabrication of SnO2 and CuO single nanowire devices by optical and electron beam lithography is described, and sensing performance to the toxic gas carbon monoxide is demonstrated. We briefly present the development of CMOS fabricated micro-hotplates as platforms for gas sensors and show our approach for nanowire implementation. Finally, we demonstrate a fully CMOS integrated CuO multi nanowire device and present our roadmap for a fully integrated multi-parameter smart sensor device which could be implemented as safety feature in smart phones. 相似文献