Refurbishing Faestningens Materialgard： A Heritage Complex

F estningens Materialgard is a listed complex located in downtown Copenhagen. The refurbishment of the listed complex was studied to provide knowledge on how a process for refurbishing heritage buildings can be carried out successfully, as refurbishment of heritage buildings is often a complicated process. The process shows how to choose, evaluate and implement measures creating synergy between the interests of preserving heritage values and to develop affordable refurbishment that meets the requirements for the future use of the building. The refurbishment followed included restoration, energy upgrading and refurbishment of the individual buildings that make up the listed complex. The process focuses on the cooperation and dialogue between the parties involved. F estningens Materialgard is a case study where the Heritage Agency, the Danish Working Environment Authority and the owner as a team cooperated in identifying feasible refurbishment measures. Through the process the owner was supported by architects and engineers. Focus is put on how, to identify potential energy savings and, to decide on energy upgrading measures when refurbishing and restoring listed buildings. The refurbished Faestningens Materialgard is visualized in photos.     

Learning Paths to Offshore Outsourcing: From Cost Reduction to Knowledge Seeking

A corporation's offshore outsourcing may be seen as the result of a discrete, strategic decision taken in response to an increasing pressure from worldwide competition. However, empirical evidence of a representative cross-sector sample of international Danish firms indicates that offshore sourcing in low-cost countries is best described as a learning-by-doing process in which the offshore outsourcing of a corporation goes through a sequence of stages towards sourcing for innovation. Initially, a corporation's outsourcing is driven by a desire for cost minimization. Over a period of time the outsourcing experience lessens the cognitive limitations of decision-makers as to the advantages that can be achieved through outsourcing in low-cost countries: the insourcer/vendor may not only offer cost advantages, but also quality improvement and innovation. The quality improvements that offshore outsourcing may bring about evoke a realization in the corporation that even innovative processes can be outsourced.     

Tribological research on the development of White Etching Cracks (WECs)

The aim of the presented research activities was to identify mechanical, thermal, and chemical factors possibly linked to the formation of WECs (White Etching Cracks). By means of a systematic variation of various influencing parameters, the significance of each of those was investigated. It is hoped that, once the parameters promoting WECs have been identified, the physical and chemical mechanisms responsible for WEC can be thoroughly understood in the near future. This would allow to prevent costly premature bearing failures, e.?g. given in wind turbines.Four research centers in Kaiserslautern, Münster and Hannover (Institute of Machine Elements, Gears and Transmissions (MEGT), Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Materials Testing Group (AWP), Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Institute of Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, and Institute for Machine Design and Tribology (IMKT), Leibniz University Hannover) provide their expertise and laboratory facilities for this purpose.At IMKT full bearing investigations with cylindrical roller thrust bearings and model tests with a special ring-roller-ring tribometer were performed under varied test conditions. In a theoretical work package, the stresses induced to the bearing surface were simulated.At “Physikalisches Institut” in Münster surfaces of the bearing washers (and rolling elements) were analysed applying Time-of-Flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to determine the actual respective chemical composition of the tribofilms.At MEGT component tests were carried out on a three-axis dynamic test rig with radially loaded cylindrical roller bearings. The internal bearing dynamics and, above all, the associated distribution of frictional energy were analysed by means of multi-body simulation.The AWP concentrated on synthesized multi-axial dynamic stresses aimed at mirroring the stresses in a rolling contact apllied on laboratory test specimens to investigate crack initiation and growth in depth.     

DCB-specimen loaded with uneven bending moments

A double cantilever beam specimen loaded with uneven bending moments (DCB-UBM) is proposed for mixed mode fracture mechanics characterisation of adhesive joints, laminates and multilayers. A linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis gives the energy release rate and mode mixity analytically for both isotropic and orthotropic materials. By varying the ratio between the two applied moments, the crack tip stress state can be varied from pure mode I to pure mode II for the same specimen geometry. The specimen allows stable crack growth. A special test fixture is developed to create uneven bending moments. As a preliminary example, the DCB-UBM specimen was used for characterising fracture of adhesive joints between two laminates of thermoset glass fibre reinforced plastic.     

Characterizing delamination of fibre composites by mixed mode cohesive laws

A novel method is used for the determination of mixed mode cohesive laws and bridging laws for the characterisation of crack bridging in composites. The approach is based on an application of the J integral. The obtained cohesive laws were found to possess high peak stress values. Mixed mode cohesive stresses were found to depend on both the normal and tangential crack opening displacements. The bridging laws, which are to be used together with a mode mixity dependent crack tip fracture energy, were found to possess relative low bridging stresses; the peak normal bridging stress was approximately 2 MPa during pure Mode I and the maximum shear stress during pure Mode II was about 10 MPa.     

Heavy Metal and PAH Concentrations in Highway Runoff Deposits Fractionated on Settling Velocities

The correlation between settling velocity and associated pollutant concentrations is of major importance for best management practice in designing, redesigning, or evaluation of the efficiency of existing pond facilities for retaining unwanted pollutants. The prospect of this note is to state the relationship between the settling velocity of the runoff particles and the corresponding metal and polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration directly instead of dealing with two unknowns—the density and the shape of a single particle fraction in a settling velocity calculations. The measurements show that the highest cadmium, chromium, zinc, and nickel concentrations is associated with the most slowly falling particles and the lowest concentration associated within the faster falling fraction. This tendency is not clear for some of the sediments due to high content of organic matter and clearly not for lead and copper and there is no significant correlation between PAH concentration and settling velocity. The largest mass of metals and PAH within each pond can be found on the particle fraction with a settling velocity of 5.5–2.5 mm/s.