起重机主梁腹板变形自动矫正执行器设计

起重机主梁生产线中下盖板与形梁组对时,用人工矫正方法矫正腹板波浪变形会在主梁腹板上留下焊疤,并增加没有附加值的打磨操作。为了改善这一状况,并高效配合机器人实施定位焊,采用磁力吸附原理进行腹板变形的自动矫正。首先对形梁腹板变形进行测量,并拟合出变形曲线,不同格子间的变形均为凹变形,最大变形值为24mm。接着利用有限元方法分析了磁铁布置方式对矫正效果的影响:在同样的磁铁吸附应力和布置方式下,大筋板间的间距越大,矫正效果越明显;而在同样的大筋板间距下,初始凹变形小有利于矫正;对所有的格子间,永磁铁距腹板下边缘越近,矫正效果越明显,同样的磁铁(长宽比大于1),横放比竖放的矫正效果明显。最后研发了自动矫正执行器的物理样机,其由吸附单元、推拉单元、结构单元、传感单元和控制单元组成,并进行了现场试验,测试结果满足矫正工艺的精度要求(±2mm),同时也验证了有限元分析结果的准确性。主梁腹板变形自动矫正执行器的研制实现了腹板变形识别、腹板临时连接的建立、矫正过程力感知和矫正运动可控。该装置实现了机器人定位焊前的腹板变形自动矫正,对前道工序的焊接工艺优化具有一定意义。     

TBM试验台支撑推进节能系统设计与仿真分析

针对全断面硬岩隧道掘进机(hard rock tunnel boring machine,简称TBM)在撑靴以设定压力撑紧围岩后支撑推进系统存在较大流量损失的问题,设计出一种具有负载敏感、恒压控制和蓄能器辅助支撑功能的支撑推进(简称LSCPGT)系统。利用AMESim软件搭建了LSCPGT系统模型,仿真分析了LSDRGT系统在变推进负载下的压力流量响应,并对比分析了在支撑工况下LSCPGT系统和恒压控制泵型支撑(constant pressure gripper,CPG)系统,以及在推进工况下LSCPGT系统与负载敏感泵型推进(load-sensing thrust,LST)系统和定量泵型推进(ration thrust,RT)系统的压力流量响应.结果表明:LST系统和LSCPGT系统在推进过程中都没有流量损失;CPG系统在支撑工况下存在流量损失,而LSCPGT系统由于蓄能器的保压作用没有流量损失;相对于LST系统+CPG系统的支撑推进系统,LSCPGT系统在撑靴达到设定压力后效率至少可提高43.5%。所设计的LSCPGT系统在满足支撑推进要求的同时,避免了流量损失,具有较好的节能效果。     

Finite element implementation of a thermo-damage-viscoelastic constitutive model for hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene composite propellant

A thermo-damage-viscoelastic model for hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) composite propellant with consideration for the effect of temperature was implemented in ABAQUS. The damage evolution law of the model has the same form as the crack growth equation for viscoelastic materials, and only a single damage variable \(S\) is considered. The HTPB propellant was considered as an isotropic material, and the deviatoric and volumetric strain-stress relations are decoupled and described by the bulk and shear relaxation moduli, respectively. The stress update equations were expressed by the principal stresses \(\sigma_{ii}^{R}\) and the rotation tensor \(M\), the Jacobian matrix in the global coordinate system \(J_{ijkl}\) was obtained according to the fourth-order tensor transformation rules. Two models having complex stress states were used to verify the accuracy of the constitutive model. The test results showed good agreement with the strain responses of characteristic points measured by a contactless optical deformation test system, which illustrates that the thermo-damage-viscoelastic model perform well at describing the mechanical properties of an HTPB propellant.     

Electrochemical stripping features of graphite and its products characterization

A stable dispersion in mixed solvent of water and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) of graphene was synthesized by one-step electrochemical approach. Here we demonstrate about electrochemical stripping graphite to prepare graphene influence by different electrolytes. The physical and chemical properties of the stripping product had been characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) . The characteristic results of XRD showed that it could improve the efficiency of graphite stripping when H₂SO₄ was used as electrolyte mother liquid and amount of HNO₃ was doped in electrolyte; XPS and FTIR results indicate that the electrochemical stripping products preserve the intrinsic structure of graphene. The results of SEM and TEM shown that the surface morphology of the as-prepared graphene was folded lamellar structure and have good transparency;its thickness varies from 0.8 nm to a few nanometers.     

Reducing Hysteresis and Enhancing Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Low‐Temperature Processed Y‐Doped SnO2 Nanosheets as Electron Selective Layers

Despite the rapid increase of efficiency, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) still face some challenges, one of which is the current–voltage hysteresis. Herein, it is reported that yttrium‐doped tin dioxide (Y‐SnO₂) electron selective layer (ESL) synthesized by an in situ hydrothermal growth process at 95 °C can significantly reduce the hysteresis and improve the performance of PSCs. Comparison studies reveal two main effects of Y doping of SnO₂ ESLs: (1) it promotes the formation of well‐aligned and more homogeneous distribution of SnO₂ nanosheet arrays (NSAs), which allows better perovskite infiltration, better contacts of perovskite with SnO₂ nanosheets, and improves electron transfer from perovskite to ESL; (2) it enlarges the band gap and upshifts the band energy levels, resulting in better energy level alignment with perovskite and reduced charge recombination at NSA/perovskite interfaces. As a result, PSCs using Y‐SnO₂ NSA ESLs exhibit much less hysteresis and better performance compared with the cells using pristine SnO₂ NSA ESLs. The champion cell using Y‐SnO₂ NSA ESL achieves a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 17.29% (16.97%) when measured under reverse (forward) voltage scanning and a steady‐state efficiency of 16.25%. The results suggest that low‐temperature hydrothermal‐synthesized Y‐SnO₂ NSA is a promising ESL for fabricating efficient and hysteresis‐less PSC.