Synthesis of amphiphilic (meth)acrylates with oligo(ethylene glycol) and (or) oligo(propylene glycol) blocks by the esterification of (meth)acrylic acid

Thermoresponsive PEG-based (PEG stands polyethylene glycol) polymers are unique for use in medicine because of their low toxicity, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, but usually more hydrophobic and more toxic comonomers are used to adjust lower critical solution temperature (LCST). A convenient way to overcome this problem and to finely tune LCST is to use alkoxy oligo(ethylene glycol)- or alkoxy oligo(propylene glycol) (meth)acrylates as starting comonomers. Here we report on the conditions for the simple and affordable synthesis of methoxy oligo(propylene glycol) (meth)acrylate- and methoxy oligo(propylene glycol)-block-oligo(ethylene glycol) (meth)acrylate-based macromonomers with high yields (80%–98.7%) by the acid-catalyzed esterification of (meth)acrylic acid with alkoxy oligo(alkylene glycols) containing oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) and/or oligo(propylene glycol) (OPG) blocks. p-Toluene sulphonic acid (pTSA), alkyl(C₁₂–C₁₄)benzene sulfonic acid (ABSA) and H₂SO₄ were used as catalysts. It has been shown that pTSA and ABSA are practically the same in catalytic activity and are superior to sulfuric acid. The reaction orders with respect to catalyst was found to be close to 1 in all cases. It has been shown that the reaction is actually insensitive to the lengths of OEG and OPG blocks, as well as to the structure of the terminal alkyl group, while the esterification of acrylic acid (AA) proceeds much faster compared to methacrylic acid (MAA) one under the same conditions. The influence of temperature on the equilibrium conversions of alcohols was determined, which were found to be 89%–93% for the esterification of AA and 61%–86% for MAA in the temperature range of 60–120°C. A further increase in conversion was achieved by introducing an azeotropic agent (toluene), its optimal concentration was found to be 10%–15%.     

Monitoring the curing processes of epoxy oligomers with partially substituted polyethoxymetallosiloxanes by IR spectroscopy and thermomechanical analysis

In this work, the curing of «ED-20» epoxy resin with partially siloxy-substituted aluminum, iron, and zirconium siloxanes that we obtained previously was studied. The initial content of a metallosiloxane in the compositions was 5–50 wt% with respect to the resin. In all the cases, thermal curing was used to obtain a series of samples in the form of solid homogeneous materials. The fact of the epoxy ring opening in the resin was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The catalytic properties of the metal atom in a metallosiloxane were found to affect the curing process. The samples demonstrate rather a high resistance to thermooxidative destruction, and in most cases, their glass transition temperatures are lower than those obtained upon standard curing of «ED-20» resin with triethylenetetramine. Partially siloxy-substituted metalloalkoxysiloxanes can be efficient agents for curing and formation of a hybrid material based on epoxy resins.     

Sustainability-guided life-cycle design and assessment for bio-based composite foams: Integrate flame retardancy/lightweight in usage and energy utilization after service

Sustainable development strategy has aroused a great interest in biomass resources as alternative raw materials. A kind of biomass-derived poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), has been developed as porous foams to reduce resource exhaustion and meet lightweight demands. For fire-safety in-service, graphene oxide (GO) was functionalized by 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) to combine flame-retardant elements and heat-barrier function. Hence, a very low loading level of P-containing GO as only 5 wt% could reduce peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of PBS-based foams by 58.5% and 22.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, N-/P-doped mesoporous char with a specific surface area of 136 m²/g, which derived from combustion of flame-retardant foaming PBS, contributes to a potential of energy storage applications in the capacitor or the anode of Li-ion battery with long-term stability. Overall, the sustainability of bio-based polyester could integrate lightweight of foaming, and be extended to utilization after use via facile combustion inspired by flame-retardancy design.     

变电站自动化系统时间同步协同攻击的检测与防护方法

为了使攻击的后果最大化,受国家支持的攻击者可以使用时间同步的协同机制发起高度隐蔽的网络攻击,而无须进行通信。这可能会使多个变电站内的所有断路器同时跳闸,从而引发大停电。提出了一种基于时间加速的方法来检测时间同步的协同攻击。在变电站自动化系统年度检修期间,通过逐步加速系统时间来触发时间逻辑,以识别是否存在潜在的恶意软件。此外,还提出了一种基于变电站自动化系统的异步化时间同步管理方法。将根据结构脆弱性指数识别的几个关键变电站的时间保持异步。因此,这些关键变电站将不会与其他变电站一起遭受时间同步的协同攻击,并且可以大大降低相关后果。基于IEEE 39节点系统的数值模拟表明,通过使2个关键变电站保持时间异步,可以显著减少2到3个变电站的协同攻击的负荷损失,并且电网可以具备应对时间同步协同攻击的韧性。     

适应电力现货市场运营的省级电网安全校核实现方案

中国电网特性复杂、运行约束多,随着电力现货市场的建设,对安全校核计算的精确性提出了更高的要求.文中分析了安全校核的内容以及影响其精确性的因素,提出了针对电力市场运营的省级电网精细化安全校核方案,包括以下3个方面:在电网模型方面,提出了低电压等级电厂并网和联络线等值计算方法,分析并设计了停运设备复役操作和设备的未来态工况计算;在算法流程方面,梳理了现货市场优化出清和安全校核的关系,提出了市场出清、断面限额计算与安全校核混合迭代计算流程;在辅助信息方面,针对区域输电断面,基于设备与断面、断面与断面之间的关系提出了各区域断面和全网的备用计算方法.最后,通过中国某省级电网实际运行情况,证明所提方案可有效提升安全校核的准确性.     

双轨制下中长期交易电量放开规模测算方法

随着中长期交易电量规模持续扩大,交易结果不断挤压系统可调度空间,威胁着系统安全运行,且大量交易结果可能由于电网运行约束被削减,容易引发市场成员对市场公平性的质疑.因此,探究中国计划电量与市场电量"双轨制"下的中长期交易电量放开规模,既有助于明确电力市场的演变态势,又有利于实现电网运行安全和经济效率的统筹优化.文中提出了中长期交易电量放开规模测算方法,该方法兼顾市场化电量出清优化与电网运行安全,构建一个考虑市场经济效益和电网运行约束的双层优化模型.上层为以社会福利最大为目标的市场化电量优化出清模型,下层为考虑输电线路传输容量、系统供热需求、机组检修安排、电厂最小开机方式等电网运行约束的市场化电量校核模型.针对该双层优化模型,提出上下层迭代算法进行求解,并将市场化电量执行约束松弛化处理,以保证模型的可解性.中国某省级电网的实际算例分析验证了所提模型与算法的有效性和实用性.     

基于灰色关联度的110千伏主网基建模型研究

由于110千伏主网基建过程所受影响因素较多,进而影响主网基建工程质量,增加了基建工程项目风险.为此,提出基于灰色关联度的110千伏主网基建模型研究.计算影响主网基建运行的因素与主网建设效率之间的灰色关联度,排除关联度较低的影响因素.制订主网基建特征选取步骤,完成基建特征数据的选取并对其进行聚类处理.依据聚类结果预处理主网基建数据,结合主网历史序列数据构建主网基建函数模型.最后通过主网基建模型的构建,实现了基于灰色关联度的主网基建设计.仿真结果表明,主网基建模型的基建工程质量控制标准(WHS)合格率高于90％,基建工程项目风险值低于5.     

LCC-HVDC送端电网等值方案研究

大规模新能源经电网换相高压直流输电(LCC-HVDC)送出时,极易引发送端电网暂态过电压.通过建立LCC-HVDC及送端等值电网电磁暂态仿真模型,可以详细分析其暂态过电压特性,进而优化其控制策略.目前,针对LCC-HVDC送端电网等值的相关研究较少.结合工程需求,给出一种适用于LCC-HVDC送端电网的等值方案.首先,根据主干网各梯级断面点节点残压大小与LCC-HVDC电气耦合强弱的关系,提出一种基于节点残压的内部系统主干网确定方法.该方法在快速确定内部系统范围的同时,可有效避免等值过程中可能因人为因素而引起的等值误差;然后,以梯级断面点为依据划分拓扑区域,以等值前后各拓扑区域电气特性一致为原则,提出内部系统中包括新能源电源在内的等值电源、负荷及变压器等元件的详细参数确定方法;最后,给出LCC-HVDC送端电网多端口戴维南等值方法,简化了外部系统.基于国内某LCC-HVDC送端电网等值方案实际算例,验证了所提等值方案的有效性.     

家用冰箱储藏室内挥发性有机物检测及分析

为研究家用冰箱储藏室中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的释放量及主要来源,采用气相色谱–质谱法对工作状态下冰箱储藏室的VOCs含量进行检测;利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对冷藏室的物料进行成分分析,同时用密封舱法探究冷藏室不同物料对VOCs含量贡献。结果表明,冰箱冷藏室物料中发泡聚苯乙烯风道泡沫释放的总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)、正戊烷及异戊烷最多,是造成异味的关键性物料,而正戊烷、异戊烷是冰箱异味的主要成分。聚氯乙烯门封条对异味的贡献也较大,通用聚苯乙烯抽屉体贡献的VOCs种类最多;在工作状态下,随着密闭时间的增加,冰箱储藏室的VOCs的种类及含量增加,但苯、甲苯、二甲苯、TVOC及戊烷类的含量均未超过国家标准。储藏室异戊烷含量较高,是冰箱的异味的主要来源。     

氧化石墨烯膜间距对电渗析空气除湿特性影响的分子动力学研究

电渗析空气除湿技术利用高压电场为气体分子荷电,通过多孔氧化石墨烯膜实现水分子和其他带电分子,如氧气分子的分离。双层膜间距将影响到气体分子的传输特性和热力学性质,本文采用分子动力学研究了带电后的水分子和氧气分子在不同膜间距下通过膜的扩散及吸附现象。结果表明：膜层间距主要影响层间氢键形成方式,继而影响多孔氧化石墨烯膜与气体分子间吸附能,存在最佳层间距离1.25 nm,水分子渗透效果最佳,气体选择性达到最高,为1.14,较无电场时扩大了3倍。