Dynamics of polymer electrolyte fuel cells undergoing load changes

Numerical simulations are carried out for a single-channel polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) undergoing a step increase in current density. The objective is to elucidate profound interactions between the cell voltage response and water transport dynamics occurring in a low-humidity PEFC where the membrane hydration and hence resistance hinges upon the product water. Detailed results are presented to show that a step increase in the current density leads to anode dryout due to electroosmotic drag, while it takes several seconds for water back-diffusion and anode humidified gas to re-wet the anode side of the polymer membrane. The water redistribution process is controlled by water production, membrane hydration, electroosmotic drag, and water diffusion in the membrane. The anode dryout results in a substantial drop in cell voltage and hence temporary power loss. Under extreme situations such as dry anode feed, large step increase in the current density, and/or lower temperatures, the cell voltage may even reverse, resulting in not only power loss but also cell degradation. Finally, the dynamics of current distribution after a step change in gas humidification is numerically examined.     

TiO2对烧成镁钙砖烧结性能的影响

研究了两种晶型的TiO2(锐钛矿型和金红石型)作为添加剂对烧成镁钙砖烧结性的影响.结果表明,两种晶型的TiO2都能显著促进镁钙砖的烧结,其中以锐钛矿晶型为添加剂的效果好于金红石型的.XRD分析结果表明,TiO2与CaO反应生成了CaTiO3,这是加入TiO2使镁钙砖烧结性变好的主要原因.     

我国研究生培养中"严出"的障碍及对策分析

从我国研究生培养质量控制体系的现状出发,分析了我国研究生培养中"严出"的各种障碍,提出全面贯彻研究生培养"严出"原则的对策,即将培养单位培育成质量控制的有效主体,尽快完成高等教育领域的人事制度、分配制度改革,为研究生培养"严出"奠定制度基础.     

云南沼泽土中提取腐殖酸的研究

从云南中甸沼泽土中提取了腐殖酸样品 ,并对样品的性质进行了测定。结果表明 :用稀碱法提取的腐殖酸含有羧基、醇羟基、酚羟基等多种活性官能团 ,具有较大的比表面积 ,该法是一种有效而简单的方法     

柠檬酸三丁酯、乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯合成工艺的研究

以柠檬酸、正丁醇为原料，采用直接酯化法合成了柠檬酸三丁酯。以柠檬酸三丁酯、乙酐和正丁醇为原料，采用共乙酰化-酯化法合成出乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯，并联产乙酸正丁酯。考察了催化剂用量、原料配比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对反应过程的影响，确定了较佳的操作条件，柠檬酸三丁酯收率≥98％，乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯收率≥98％。采用活性炭脱色技术对产品进行精制，明显改善了产品的色泽。     

沟槽非光滑表面流场的数值分析

利用有限体积法对三角形仿生非光滑沟槽表面流场进行了数值计算。近壁面区采用B-L两层模型,外区采用雷诺应力模型。分析了沟槽表面的流场特性,对计算域中心Z=3 mm平面的速度场和湍流统计量进行了研究。顶点间距s+≈20,h+≈17.3的沟槽减阻率为5.2%;s+≈40,h+≈34.6的沟槽增阻率为12.3%。从速度场、剪应力及湍流统计三方面对沟槽表面减阻、增阻机理进行了分析讨论。与风洞和油槽实验数据定性对比的结果表明,理论计算与实验结果一致。     

3S技术在水文水环境与水资源管理中的应用

"3S"技术的空间特性决定了其在水文水环境和水资源管理中有着广阔的应用前景.在介绍"3S"技术及其结合基本原理的基础上,较为详细介绍其在该领域中的应用情况,指出部分存在的问题,并对"3S"技术在该领域应用前景进行展望.     

精化区域似大地水准面提高GPS高程测量精度

采用重力法和GPS水准研究了区域大地水准面的精化问题.应用斯托克司方法与莫洛金斯基理论计算重力似大地水准面,然后用GPS水准进行拟合校正以提高精度.通过对某测区的实际应用研究,获得了令人满意的结果,其内部检核精度为:参考模型为WDM94的最终大地水准面,中误差为±8.7 cm;参考模型为EGM96的最终大地水准面,中误差为±9.8 cm.外部精度为:对参考模型为WDM94的最终似大地水准,中误差为±8.3 cm;参考模型为EGM96的最终似大地水准,中误差为±10.8 cm;对未经GPS水准拟合的重力大地水准,中误差为±27.4 cm,表明本文采用的理论与方法在生产实际中是可行的.     

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of the interface between Ag electrode and PVDF film treated by electric poling

Interface changes induced by electric poling treatment between an Ag electrode deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation and a polymer thin film have been investigated. The polymer film poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), a fluoropolymer of repeat unit (–CH₂–CF₂–) was treated under electric poling at high temperature of 90°C. The characterization was accomplished using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as a primary tool. The results indicate that the piezoelectricity of PVDF thin films and adhesion force between polymer thin film and metallic electrode are improved by electric poling and chemical bond joint.     

Patent applications of the Top 500 foreign investment corporations in China

Summary The paper focuses on the Top 500 foreign investment corporations (FICs) in China, by conducting data mining and system searching on the data-base of patent from the State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China (SIPO). Structure of patent applications, industrial distribution of patent applications, monopolistic tendency, technological innovation of Chinese companies and directions of foreign investment are studied.