Liouville Invariance in Quantum and Classical Mechanics

The density-matrix and Heisenberg formulations of quantum mechanics follow—for unitary evolution—directly from the Schrödinger equation. Nevertheless, the symmetries of the corresponding evolution operator, the Liouvillian L = i[, H], need not be limited to those of the Hamiltonian H. This is due to L only involving eigenenergy differences, which can be degenerate even if the energies themselves are not. Remarkably, this possibility has rarely been mentioned in the literature, and never pursued more generally. We consider an example involving mesoscopic Josephson devices, but the analysis only assumes familiarity with basic quantum mechanics. Subsequently, such L-symmetries are shown to occur more widely, in particular also in classical mechanics. The symmetry's relevance to dissipative systems and quantum-information processing is briefly discussed. PACS: 03.65.-w, 03.67.-a, 45.20.Jj, 74.50.+r     

Branching rates and growth functions in the outgrowth of dendritic branching patterns

The outgrowth of dendritic branching patterns proceeds by neurite elongation and branching. These actions are supported by growth cones, specialized dynamic structures at the tips of outgrowing neurites, in response to a multitude of intracellular and extracellular signals and mechanisms. Branching rates of growth cones and their temporal patterns thus reflect the extent and changes in these responses. The present study outlines a model framework to relate branching rates of individual growth cones with the growth rate of the entire dendritic tree. The branching rate of an individual growth cone is assumed to depend on the total number of growth cones at any given moment (representing competition between growth cones), on its position along the dendrite, and on a baseline component representing all other factors. Four different strategies are discussed for determining quantitatively these components from experimental data. The methods are applied in the analysis of dendritic trees of Wistar rat multipolar non-pyramidal neurons, quantitatively reconstructed at several developmental stages (Parnavelas J G and Uylings H B M 1980 Brain Res. 193 373-82, Uylings H B M, Parnavelas J G, Walg H and Veltman W A M 1980 Mikroskopie 37 220-4). It is shown that the baseline branching rate is a rapidly decreasing function of time, indicating the largest baseline drive for branching in the early days of outgrowth.     

The effect of dendritic topology on firing patterns in model neurons

Neuronal firing patterns are influenced by both membrane properties and dendritic morphology. Distinguishing two sources of morphological variability-metrics and topology-we investigate the extent to which model neurons that have the same metrical and membrane properties can still produce different firing patterns as a result of differences in dendritic topology. Within a set of dendritic trees that have the same number of terminal segments and the same total dendritic length, we show that firing frequency strongly correlates with topology as expressed by the mean dendritic path length. The effect of dendritic topology on firing frequency is bigger for trees with equal segment diameters than for trees whose segment diameters obey Rall's 3/2 power law. If active dendritic channels are present, dendritic topology influences not only firing frequency but also type of firing (regular, bursting).     

Analysis of tubular structures in three-dimensional confocal images

Knowledge about the relationship between morphology and the function of neurons is an important instrument in understanding the role that neurons play in information processing in the brain. In paricular, the diameter and length of segments in dendritic arborization are considered to be crucial morphological features. Consequently, accurate detection of morphological features such as centre line position and diameter is a prerequisite to establish this relationship. Accurate detection of neuron morphology from confocal microscope images is hampered by the low signal to noise ratio of the images and the properties of the microscope point spread function (PSF). The size and the anisotropy of the PSF causes feature detection to be biased and orientation dependent. We deal with these problems by utilizing Gaussian image derivatives for feature detection. Gaussian kernels provide for image derivative estimates with low noise sensitivity. Features of interest such as centre line positions and diameter in a tubular neuronal segment of a dendritic tree can be detected by calculating and subsequently utilizing Gaussian image derivatives. For diameter measurement the microscope PSF is incorporated into the derivative calculation. Results on real and simulated confocal images reveal that centre line position and diameter can be estimated accurately and are bias free even under realistic imaging conditions.     

Mesophilic and thermophilic activated sludge post-treatment of paper mill process water

Increasing system closure in paper mills and higher process water temperatures make the applicability of thermophilic treatment systems increasingly important. The use of activated sludge as a suitable thermophilic post-treatment system for anaerobically pre-treated paper process water from a paper mill using recycled wastepaper was studied. Two lab-scale plug flow activated sludge reactors were run in parallel for 6 months; a thermophilic reactor at 55 degrees C and a reference reactor at 30 degrees C. Both reactors were operated simultaneously at 20, 15 and 10 days SRT. The effects of temperature and SRT on sludge settleability and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of different fractions were studied. Total COD removal percentages over the whole experimental period were 58+/-5% at 30 degrees C and 48 +/- 10% at 55 degrees C. The effect of the SRT on the total COD removal was negligible. Differences in total COD removal between both systems were due to a lesser removal of soluble and colloidal COD at 55 degrees C compared to the reference system. At 30 degrees C, colloidal COD removal percentages were 65+/-25%, 75+/-17% and 86+/-22% at 20, 15 and 10 days SRT, respectively. At 55 degrees C, these percentages were 48+/-34%, 40+/-28% and 70+/-25%, respectively. The effluent concentrations of colloidal COD in both systems were related to the influent concentration of colloidal material. The thermophilic sludge was not able to retain influent colloidal material as well as the mesophilic sludge causing a higher thermophilic effluent turbidity. Sludge settling properties were excellent in both reactor systems. These were neither temperature nor SRT dependent but were rather caused by extensive calcium precipitation in the aeration tanks creating a very dense sludge. For application in the board industry, a thermophilic in line treatment system seems feasible. The higher effluent turbidity is most likely offset by the energy gains of treatment under thermophilic conditions.     

Evaluation of ergonomic adjustments of catering carts to reduce external pushing forces

An existing standard catering cart was compared with two prototypes for pushbar and castor design. The first objective of this study was to find out which cart was accompanied with the lowest manually exerted external forces in pushing in a straight way and in pushing a 90 turn. The second objective was to explore effects of the pushbar and castor design of the carts. In the initial and ending phase, the prototypes were accompanied with higher exerted forces compared with the standard catering cart. In pushing straight. the reversed start position of the bigger castors of the prototypes hampered a fluent acceleration and caused higher initial forces. In decelerating, the lower rolling friction of the bigger castors required higher forces to stop the prototypes compared to the standard cart. During the sustained phase, the prototype carts were more favourable. Effects of pushbar and castor design were studied during a turn. The vertical pushbars of the prototypes resulted in lower time-integrated pushing forces. Providing an axis of rotation for turning activities by means of a fixed wheel was proven to be advantageous.     

An adaptive technique for content-based image retrieval

We discuss an adaptive approach towards Content-Based Image Retrieval. It is based on the Ostensive Model of developing information needs—a special kind of relevance feedback model that learns from implicit user feedback and adds a temporal notion to relevance. The ostensive approach supports content-assisted browsing through visualising the interaction by adding user-selected images to a browsing path, which ends with a set of system recommendations. The suggestions are based on an adaptive query learning scheme, in which the query is learnt from previously selected images. Our approach is an adaptation of the original Ostensive Model based on textual features only, to include content-based features to characterise images. In the proposed scheme textual and colour features are combined using the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence combination. Results from a user-centred, work-task oriented evaluation show that the ostensive interface is preferred over a traditional interface with manual query facilities. This is due to its ability to adapt to the user's need, its intuitiveness and the fluid way in which it operates. Studying and comparing the nature of the underlying information need, it emerges that our approach elicits changes in the user's need based on the interaction, and is successful in adapting the retrieval to match the changes. In addition, a preliminary study of the retrieval performance of the ostensive relevance feedback scheme shows that it can outperform a standard relevance feedback strategy in terms of image recall in category search.     

A Model-based Integration and Testing Method to Reduce System Development Effort

New methods and techniques are needed to reduce the very costly integration and test effort (in terms of lead time, costs, resources) in the development of high-tech multi-disciplinary systems. To facilitate this effort reduction, we propose a method called model-based integration. This method allows to integrate formal executable models of system components that are not yet physically realized with available realizations of other components. The combination of models and realizations is then used for early analysis of the integrated system by means of validation, verification, and testing. This analysis enables early detection and prevention of problems that would otherwise occur during real integration, resulting in a significant reduction of effort invested in the the real integration and test phases. This paper illustrates how models of components, developed for model-based integration, can be used for automated model-based testing, which allows time-efficient determination of the conformance of component realizations with respect to their requirements. The combination of model-based integration and model-based testing is practically illustrated in a realistic industrial case study. Results obtained from this study encourage further research on model-based integration as a prominent method to reduce the integration and test effort.     

Self-sacrificial leadership and follower self-esteem: When collective identification matters.

In the present research, we examine whether leader's self-sacrifice positively influences followers' self-esteem and whether followers' identification with the collective plays a role in this process. It was predicted that leader self-sacrifice would influence followers' self-esteem, but particularly so when followers exhibited strong (vs. weak) collective identification. Results from an organizational survey showed that leader self-sacrifice and collective identification interacted in predicting follower self-esteem, such that followers' self-esteem was higher when they identified strongly with the collective and when the leader was self-sacrificial (vs. self-benefiting). An experimental scenario study replicated this interactive effect between collective identification and leader's self-sacrifice on followers' self-esteem and also showed that this effect was (at least partly) mediated by followers' perceptions of whether the leader respected and valued the group. Implications with respect to the relationship between self-sacrifice and self-esteem are outlined, and possible integrations of leader self-sacrifice, identity, and empowerment are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Letter position information and printed word perception: The relative-position priming constraint.

Six experiments apply the masked priming paradigm to investigate how letter position information is computed during printed word perception. Primes formed by a subset of the target's letters facilitated target recognition as long as the relative position of letters was respected across prime and target (e.g., "arict" vs. "acirt" as primes for the target "apricot"). Priming effects were not influenced by whether or not absolute, length-dependent position was respected (e.g., "a-ric-t" vs. "arict"/"ar-i-ct"). Position of overlap of relative-position primes (e.g., apric-apricot; ricot-apricot; arict-apricot) was found to have little influence on the size of priming effects, particularly in conditions (i.e., 33 ms prime durations) where there was no evidence for phonological priming. The results constrain possible schemes for letter position coding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)