汽车发动机降低排放技术分析

汽车业的发展为人们的出行提供了便利,但是大量的汽车尾气,也会影响人们的身体健康,随之而来的环境污染问题也愈发严重。为了能够有效改善汽车排放问题,必须要以汽车发动机为切入点,创新降低排放的技术,减轻车辆尾气造成的污染。本文主要针对汽车发动机降低排放技术进行分析并提出相关策略。     

两起电容式电压互感器故障的分析与处理

阐述电容式电压互感器(Capacitor Voltage Transformer,CVT)的基本结构和工作原理,分析了掌握CVT健康度的方法和试验项目.首先,以两起运行中CVT的试验数据异常为例,通过对设备结构、试验原理的分析,对各项试验数据进行了说明.其次,介绍了试验人员通过缩短试验周期、分析试验数据、结合运行实际等...     

总量红线约束下江西省“以水定产”方案初探

梳理江西省工业发展及用水现状,测算了规划年各设区市工业用水需求,根据“四水四定”原则提出总量控制红线约束下不同节水水平江西省规划水平年工业发展规模初步方案。高、中、低用水效率方案下江西省2025年和2030年工业需水量分别为59.2～61.8亿m³和64.8～70.1亿m³,缺水量分别达到4.81～7.43亿m³和4.08～9.42亿m³;红线约束下2025年和2030年工业增加值分别为11 839.5～12 363.3亿元和15 586.7～16 873.5亿元,与常规预测值相比分别减少了1 092～1 615.7亿元和1 132.7～2 419.5亿元。用水总量控制红线一定程度上制约了江西省工业经济的快速发展,为此提出了水资源刚性约束下未来江西省工业发展相关措施和建议。     

总量红线约束下江西省“以水定地”方案初探

梳理江西省农业发展及用水现状,预测规划年各地级市农业用水需求,根据“四水四定”原则提出总量控制红线约束下江西省规划年农业发展规模初步方案,即2025 年和2030 年农业需水量分别为166.9～172.84 亿m3、159.32～167.2亿m3;2025 年以水而定的农田有效灌溉面积规模为219.15～227.20 万hm2,林牧渔面积为17.31 万hm2,畜禽养殖规模为1 996.38 万头;2030 年以水而定的农田有效灌溉面积规模为226.66～238.17 万hm2,林牧渔面积为17.49 万hm2,畜禽养殖规模分别为2 016.32 万头;总量控制红线约束下,江西省2025 年、2030 年农业用水最大的缺水量分别为2.7 亿m3、4.97亿m3,以水而定的农田有效灌溉面积达不到社会经济发展的要求;用水总量控制红线一定程度上制约了江西省农业经济的快速发展,为此提出水资源约束下未来农业发展相关措施和建议。     

分压电流对7.62 cm光电倍增管性能的影响

7.62 cm(3英寸)光电倍增管(Photomultiplier Tube,PMT)是江门中微子实验(Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory,JUNO)巨型探测器的重要组成部分,以此构成的一套独立探测系统,承担着独立物理测量、与50.8 cm(20英寸)PMT探测系统相互检验等重要任务。为提高探测系统的可靠性,使每个7.62 cm PMT供电高压的单通道电流不超过10?A,研究了不同高压电流对7.62 cm PMT探测性能的影响。采用三种高压电流的分压器,对海南展创生产的型号为XP72B20(样管编号为70069)的7.62 cm PMT的性能进行实验测试,包括增益、能量分辨率、峰谷比和阳极输出信号的非线性。结果表明:不同分压电流对7.62 cm PMT性能的影响较小。这个结果为该7.62 cm PMT在JUNO探测器中使用小分压电流的方案提供了重要的实验依据。     

Study on the influence of three-grid assembly thermal deformation on breakdown times and an ion extraction process

In order to study the influence of three-grid assembly thermal deformation caused by heat accumulation on breakdown times and an ion extraction process,a hot gap test and a breakdown time test are carried out to obtain thermal deformation of the grids when the thruster is in 5 k W operation mode.Meanwhile,the fluid simulation method and particle-in-cell-Monte Carlo collision(PICMCC) method are adopted to simulate the ion extraction process according to the previous test results.The numerical calculation results are verified by the ion thruster performance test.The results show that after about 1.2 h operation,the hot gap between the screen grid and the accelerator grid reduce to 0.25–0.3 mm,while the hot gap between the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid increase from 1 mm to about 1.4 mm when the grids reach thermal equilibrium,and the hot gap is almost unchanged.In addition,the breakdown times experiment shows that 0.26 mm is the minimal safe hot gap for the grid assembly as the breakdown times improves significantly when the gap is smaller than this value.Fluid simulation results show that the plasma density of the screen grid is in the range 6?×10~(17)–6?×?10~(18) m~(13) and displays a parabolic characteristic,while the electron temperature gradually increases along the axial direction.The PIC-MCC results show that the current falling of an ion beam through a single aperture is significant.Meanwhile,the intercepted current of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid both increase with the change in the hot gap.The ion beam current has optimal perveance status without thermal deformation,and the intercepted current of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid are 3.65 m A and 6.26 m A,respectively.Furthermore,under the effect of thermal deformation,the ion beam current has over-perveance status,and the intercepted current of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid are 10.46 m A and 18.24 m A,respectively.Performance test results indicate that the breakdown times increase obviously.The intercepted current of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid increases to 13 m A and 16.5 m A,respectively,due to the change in the hot gap after 1.5 h operation.The numerical calculation results are well consistent with performance test results,and the error comes mainly from the test uncertainty of the hot gap.     

Study of the key factors affecting the triple grid lifetime of the LIPS-300 ion thruster

In order to ascertain the key factors affecting the lifetime of the triple grids in the LIPS-300 ion thruster,the thermal deformation,upstream ion density and component lifetime of the grids are simulated with finite element analysis,fluid simulation and charged-particle tracing simulation methods on the basis of a 1500 h short lifetime test.The key factor affecting the lifetime of the triple grids in the LIPS-300 ion thruster is obtained and analyzed through the test results.The results show that ion sputtering erosion of the grids in 5 kW operation mode is greater than in the case of 3 kW.In 5 kW mode,the decelerator grid shows the most serious corrosion,the accelerator grid shows moderate corrosion,and the screen grid shows the least amount of corrosion.With the serious corrosion of the grids in 5 kW operation mode,the intercept current of the acceleration and deceleration grids increases substantially.Meanwhile,the cold gap between the accelerator grid and the screen grid decreases from 1 mm to 0.7 mm,while the cold gap between the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid increases from 1 mm to 1.25 mm after 1500 h of thruster operation.At equilibrium temperature with 5 k W power,the finite element method(FEM)simulation results show that the hot gap between the screen grid and the accelerator grid reduces to 0.2 mm.Accordingly,the hot gap between the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid increases to 1.5 mm.According to the fluid method,the plasma density simulated in most regions of the discharge chamber is 1?×?10~(18)-8?×?10~(18)m~(-3).The upstream plasma density of the screen grid is in the range 6?×?10~(17)-6?×?10~(18)m~(-3)and displays a parabolic characteristic.The charged particle tracing simulation method results show that the ion beam current without the thermal deformation of triple grids has optimal perveance status.The ion sputtering rates of the accelerator grid hole and the decelerator hole are 5.5?×?10~(-14)kg s~(-1)and 4.28?×?10~(-14)kg s~(-1),respectively,while after the thermal deformation of the triple grids,the ion beam current has over-perveance status.The ion sputtering rates of the accelerator grid hole and the decelerator hole are 1.41?×?10~(-13)kg s~(-1)and 4.1?×?10~(-13)kg s~(-1),respectively.The anode current is a key factor for the triple grid lifetime in situations where the structural strength of the grids does not change with temperature variation.The average sputtering rates of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid,which were measured during the 1500 h lifetime test in5 k W operating conditions,are 2.2?×?10~(-13)kg s~(-1)and 7.3?×?10~(-13)kg s~(-1),respectively.These results are in accordance with the simulation,and the error comes mainly from the calculation distribution of the upstream plasma density of the grids.     

SM4密码算法的唯密文故障分析

SM4算法是我国公布的首个商用密码算法,用于保护WAPI无线局域网标准中的数据传输,2012年成为国家密码行业标准,2021年作为ISO/IEC国际标准正式发布．在唯密文攻击中,攻击者除了所截获的密文,没有其它可利用的信息,因而获取的信息最少、攻击难度较大．目前,国内外未有公开发表的SM4算法抵抗唯密文攻击的结果．本文采用巴氏系数 汉明重量、詹森香农散度 汉明重量和詹森香农散度 汉明重量 极大似然估计等新型区分器对SM4算法实施唯密文故障分析．仿真实验表明,该方法最少仅需要136个随机故障,可以破译SM4算法的128比特主密钥,且在准确度、成功率、耗时和复杂度等方面攻击效果佳．该结果为无线局域网中密码算法的安全性分析和实现提供了重要参考．     

Cr含量对Cu合金表面Ni/Ni-Cr/Ni-Cr-Al-Si膜层耐蚀性的影响

为了解决Cu合金在海水中的腐蚀问题,促进Cu合金部件在海洋工程装备和设施中的应用,采用电镀与磁控溅射相结合的方法,首先在Cu衬底上电镀Ni层,随后在Ni层上溅射沉积Ni-Cr合金薄膜,最后在Ni-Cr层上再溅射沉积不同Cr含量的Ni-Cr-Al-Si合金薄膜,获得Ni/Ni-Cr/Ni-Cr-Al-Si梯度复合膜层,并研究了该梯度复合膜层的结构与腐蚀性能。结果表明：在海水中,Cr含量为43.05%的梯度复合膜层 (S2样品),其低频端阻抗值、容抗弧半径、最大相位角、电荷转移电阻R_f和腐蚀电位最大,表明其耐腐蚀性能最好。在所研究的范围内,梯度膜层的Ni-Cr-Al-Si表层中[Al]/[Cr]原子比率越大,其耐腐蚀性越好。梯度复合膜层的腐蚀过程主要为点蚀,膜层表面团簇的界面处是点蚀的中心。适当Cr含量的Ni/Ni-Cr/Ni-Cr-Al-Si梯度复合膜层具有很好的耐海水腐蚀和导热能力,适合作为海水中使用的Cu换热器表面的防护涂层。     

改善加热不燃烧型烟草薄片物理性能的研究

加热不燃烧型烟草薄片是一种新型烟草薄片,其制备方法主要包括稠浆法、辊压法、造纸法。为保证烟草薄片的良好成形及耐加工性,需添加一定量的木浆纤维。本研究探究了木浆纤维在稠浆法加热不燃烧型烟草薄片中的应用,考察了木浆纤维打浆度和添加量对稠浆性能和烟草薄片物理性能的影响。研究表明,增加木浆纤维打浆度有利于降低稠浆黏度,木浆纤维的打浆度为49 °SR时,烟草薄片的力学性能相对较好;木浆纤维添加量在2%~5%时,烟草薄片力学强度随着木浆添加量的增加而增加,抗张指数最高可达3.62 N·m/g。