A major problem in empirical software engineering is to determine or ensure comparability across multiple sources of empirical
data. This paper summarizes experiences in developing and applying a software engineering technology testbed. The testbed
was designed to ensure comparability of empirical data used to evaluate alternative software engineering technologies, and
to accelerate the technology maturation and transition into project use. The requirements for such software engineering technology
testbeds include not only the specifications and code, but also the package of instrumentation, scenario drivers, seeded defects,
experimentation guidelines, and comparative effort and defect data needed to facilitate technology evaluation experiments.
The requirements and architecture to build a particular software engineering technology testbed to help NASA evaluate its
investments in software dependability research and technology have been developed and applied to evaluate a wide range of
technologies. The technologies evaluated came from the fields of architecture, testing, state-model checking, and operational
envelopes. This paper will present for the first time the requirements and architecture of the software engineering technology
testbed. The results of the technology evaluations will be analyzed from a point of view of how researchers benefitted from
using the SETT. The researchers just reported how their technology performed in their original findings. The testbed evaluation
showed (1) that certain technologies were complementary and cost-effective to apply; (2) that the testbed was cost-effective
to use by researchers within a well-specified domain of applicability; (3) that collaboration in testbed use by researchers
and the practitioners resulted comparable empirical data and in actions to accelerate technology maturity and transition into
project use, as shown in the AcmeStudio evaluation; and (4) that the software engineering technology testbed’s requirements
and architecture were suitable for evaluating technologies and accelerating their maturation and transition into project use.
Recent research of complex networks has significantly contributed to the understanding how networks can be classified according
to its topological characteristics. However, transport networks attracted less attention although their importance to economy
and daily life. In this work the development of the Swiss road and railway network during the years 1950–2000 is investigated.
The main difference between many of the recently studied complex networks and transport networks is the spatial structure.
Therefore, some of the well-established complex network measures may not be applied directly to characterise transport networks
but need to be adapted to fulfil the requirements of spatial networks. Additionally, new approaches to cover basic network
characteristics such as local network densities are applied. The focus of the interest hereby is always not only to classify
the transport network but also to provide the basis for further applications such as vulnerability analysis or network development.
It could be showed that the proposed measures are able to characterise the growth of the Swiss road network. To proof the
use of local density measures to explain the robustness of a network however needs further research.
Patientinnen und Patienten vertrauen sich heutzutage nicht mehr nur ihrem Haus- oder Facharzt, sondern immer h?ufiger auch
einer Gro?klinik („Krankenhausmaschine“) an. Schon dort entsteht die Frage, wie die ?rztliche Schweigepflicht oder besser:
das Patientengeheimnis, noch aufrechterhalten werden kann. Weitere Risiken drohen dem Patientengeheimnis in der zunehmend
vernetzten Verarbeitung von medizinischen Befunden z.B. in Praxisnetzen und auch in der Online-Welt, die zweifellos gro?e
Vorteile für die behandlungsbedürftigen Menschen bringen. Sie werfen aber auch die Frage nach der Verantwortung für die Sicherheit,
Richtigkeit und Verfügbarkeit dieser Daten auf, die nicht selten lebenswichtig sein k?nnen. 相似文献
Eosinophils (EOSs) are granular leukocytes that have significant roles in many inflammatory and immunoregulatory responses, especially asthma and allergic diseases. We have undertaken a fairly comprehensive proteomic analysis of purified peripheral blood EOSs from normal human donors primarily employing 2‐DE with protein spot identification by MALDI‐MS. Protein subfractionation methods employed included IEF (Zoom® Fractionator) and subcellular fractionation using differential protein solubilization. We have identified 3141 proteins, which had Mascot expectation scores of 10?3 or less. Of these 426 were unique and non‐redundant of which 231 were novel proteins not previously reported to occur in EOSs. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed that some 70% of the non‐redundant proteins could be subdivided into categories that are clearly related to currently known EOS biological activities. Cytoskeletal and associated proteins predominated among the proteins identified. Extensive protein posttranslational modifications were evident, many of which have not been previously reported that reflected the dynamic character of the EOS. This data set of eosinophilic proteins will prove valuable in comparative studies of disease versus normal states and for studies of gender differences and polymorphic variation among individuals. 相似文献
Robotic process automation is a disruptive technology to automate already digital yet manual tasks and subprocesses as well as whole business processes rapidly. In contrast to other process automation technologies, robotic process automation is lightweight and only accesses the presentation layer of IT systems to mimic human behavior. Due to the novelty of robotic process automation and the varying approaches when implementing the technology, there are reports that up to 50% of robotic process automation projects fail. To tackle this issue, we use a design science research approach to develop a framework for the implementation of robotic process automation projects. We analyzed 35 reports on real-life projects to derive a preliminary sequential model. Then, we performed multiple expert interviews and workshops to validate and refine our model. The result is a framework with variable stages that offers guidelines with enough flexibility to be applicable in complex and heterogeneous corporate environments as well as for small and medium-sized companies. It is structured by the three phases of initialization, implementation, and scaling. They comprise eleven stages relevant during a project and as a continuous cycle spanning individual projects. Together they structure how to manage knowledge and support processes for the execution of robotic process automation implementation projects.
Organizations are increasingly delegating customer inquiries to speech dialog systems (SDSs) to save personnel resources. However, customers often report frustration when interacting with SDSs due to poorly designed solutions. Despite these issues, design knowledge for SDSs in customer service remains elusive. To address this research gap, we employ the design science approach and devise a design theory for SDSs in customer service. The design theory, including 14 requirements and five design principles, draws on the principles of dialog theory and undergoes validation in three iterations using five hypotheses. A summative evaluation comprising a two-phase experiment with 205 participants yields positive results regarding the user experience of the artifact. This study contributes to design knowledge for SDSs in customer service and supports practitioners striving to implement similar systems in their organizations.
International Journal of Computer Vision - Machine learning models are known to perpetuate and even amplify the biases present in the data. However, these data biases frequently do not become... 相似文献
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of manipulating lung volume (LV) on phonatory and articulatory kinematic behavior during sentence production in healthy adults. Five men and five women repeated the sentence "I sell a sapapple again" under five LV conditions. These included (1) speaking normally, (2) speaking after exhaling most of the air from the lungs, (3) speaking at end expiratory level (EEL), (4) speaking after a maximal inhalation, and (5) speaking after a maximal inhalation while attempting to maintain as normal a mode of speech as possible. From a multichannel recording, measures were made of LV, sound pressure level (SPL), fundamental frequency (F0) and semitone standard deviation (STSD), and upper and lower lip displacements and peak velocities. When compared with the reference condition, the sentence was spoken significantly more quickly at the lowest LV. SPL increased significantly for the high LV condition, as did the women's F0 and STSD. Upper lip displacements and peak velocities generally decreased for LVs other than the reference condition. Lower lip movements showed inconsistent changes as a function of LV. Adjustments to the LV for speech led to SPL and F0 changes consistent with a coordinated control of the respiratory system and the larynx. However, less consistent effects were observed in the articulatory kinematic measures, possibly because of a less direct biomechanical and neural control linkage between respiratory and articulatory structures. 相似文献
We consider the problem of determining when two dataflow networks with uninterpreted nodes always have the same input-output behavior. We define a set of behavior-preserving transformations on networks and show that this set is “schematologically complete”; i.e., networks have the same input-output behavior under all interpretations if and only if they can be transformed into isomorphic networks. As a by product, we obtain a polynomial algorithm for deciding schematological equivalence of dataflow networks. 相似文献