Spatial variation in nitrogen dioxide in three European areas

In order to estimate the spatial variation within well-defined study areas, nitrogen dioxide was measured with diffusion samplers (Palmes tube) in 40-42 sites each in Germany (Munich), the Netherlands and Sweden (Stockholm County). Each site was measured over four 2-week periods during 1 year (spring 1999 to summer 2000). In each country, one reference site was measured during all periods and the results were used to adjust for seasonal variability, to improve the estimates of the annual average. Comparisons between the chemiluminescence method (European reference method) and Palmes tube measurement indicated a good agreement in Germany (with a ratio of 1.0 for Palmes tube/chemiluminescence) but underestimation for Palmes tube measurement in the Netherlands and Sweden (0.8 for both countries). The r2 values were between 0.86 and 0.90 for all three countries. The annual average values for NO2 for different sampling sites were between 15.9 and 50.6 (mean 28.8 microg/m3) in Germany, between 12.1 and 50.8 (mean 28.9 microg/m3) in the Netherlands and between 6.1 and 44.7 (mean 18.5 microg/m3) in Sweden. Comparing spatial variation between similar sites in the three countries, we did not find any significant differences between annual average levels for urban traffic sites. In Sweden, annual average levels in urban background and suburban backgrounds sites were about 8 microg/m3 lower than comparable sites in Germany and the Netherlands. Comparing site types within each country only urban traffic sites and suburban background sites differed in Germany. In the Netherlands and Sweden, the urban traffic sites differed from all other sites and in Sweden also the urban background sites differed from the other background sites. The observed contribution from local traffic was similar in the Netherlands and Sweden (10 and 8 microg/m3, corresponding to 26-27% of the NO2 concentration found in the urban traffic sites). In Germany, the contribution from local traffic was only 3 microg/m3, corresponding to 9% of the NO2 concentration found in the urban traffic sites. The spatial variation was substantially larger for NO2 than the variation for PM2.5 and similar to PM2.5 absorbance, measured in the same locations.     

建筑自然通风节能设计

自然通风自古至今就是一项成熟、廉价的技术。现代空调技术的发展,让人们忽视了自然通风技术的应用,却用空调技术来控制室内环境,实现了室内舒适环境目的。这样会产生能源消耗严重、空气质量恶化等后续问题,传统的自然通风技术又重新被人们所重视。本文以节能为出发点,重新探讨了建筑通风设计中需要注意的事项。     

Continuous-flow metal biosorption in a regenerable Sargassum column

Metal biosorption behavior of raw seaweed S. filipendula in ten consecutive sorption-desorption cycles has been investigated in a packed-bed flow-through column during a continuous removal of copper from a 35mg/L aqueous solution at pH 5. The elutant used was a 1% (w/v) CaCl2/HCl-solution at pH 3. The sorption and desorption was carried out for an average of 85 and 15h, respectively, representing more than 41 days of continuous use of the biosorbent. The weight loss of biomass after this time was 21.6%. The Cu-biosorption capacity of the biomass, based on the initial dry weight, remained relatively constant at approximately 38 mg Cu/g. Loss of sorption performance was indicated by a shortening breakthrough time and a broadening mass-transfer zone. The column service time, considered up to 1 mg Cu/L in the effluent, decreased continuously from 25.4 h for the first to 12.7 h for the last cycle. The critical bed length, representing the mass-transfer zone, increased almost linearly from 28 to 34cm. "Life-factors" for S. filipendula were found to be 0.0008h(-1) for the breakthrough time and 0.008cm/h for the critical bed length, using an exponential decay and linear fitting functions, respectively. Regeneration with CaCl2/HCl at pH 3 provided elution efficiencies up to 100%. Maximum concentration factors were determined to be in the range 16-44, a decreasing tendency was observed with an increasing exposure time.     

Use of slow filtration columns to assess oxygen respiration, consumption of dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen transformations, and microbial parameters in hyporheic sediments

Biogeochemical processes mediated by microorganisms in river sediments (hyporheic sediments) play a key role in river metabolism. Because biogeochemical reactions in the hyporheic zone are often limited to the top few decimetres of sediments below the water-sediment interface, slow filtration columns were used in the present study to quantify biogeochemical processes (uptakes of O2, DOC, and nitrate) and the associated microbial compartment (biomass, respiratory activity, and hydrolytic activity) at a centimetre scale in heterogeneous (gravel and sand) sediments. The results indicated that slow filtration columns recreated properly the aerobic-anaerobic gradient classically observed in the hyporheic zone. O2 and NO3- consumptions (256 +/- 13 microg of O2 per hour and 14.6 +/- 6.1 microg of N-NO3- per hour) measured in columns were in the range of values measured in different river sediments. Slow filtration columns also reproduced the high heterogeneity of the hyporheic zone with the presence of anaerobic pockets in sediments where denitrification and fermentation processes occurred. The respiratory and hydrolytic activities of bacteria were strongly linked with the O2 consumption in the experimental system, highlighting the dominance of aerobic processes in our river sediments. In comparison with these activities, the bacterial biomass (protein content) integrated both aerobic and anaerobic processes and could be used as a global microbial indicator in our system. Finally, slow filtration columns are an appropriate tool to quantify in situ rates of biogeochemical processes and to determine the relationship between the microbial compartment and the physico-chemical environment in coarse river sediments.     

Spatial patterns of cadmium and lead deposition on and adjacent to National Park Service lands in the vicinity of Red Dog Mine, Alaska

Heavy metal escapement associated with ore trucks is known to occur along the DeLong Mountain Regional Transportation System (DMTS) haul road corridor in Cape Krusenstern National Monument, northwest Alaska. Heavy metal concentrations in Hylocomium splendens moss (n = 226) were used in geostatistical models to predict the extent and pattern of atmospheric deposition of Cd and Pb on Monument lands. A stratified grid-based sample design was used with more intensive sampling near mine-related activity areas. Spatial predictions were used to produce maps of concentration patterns, and to estimate the total area in 10 moss concentration categories. Heavy metal levels in moss were highest immediately adjacent to the DMTS haul road (Cd > 24 mg/kg dw; Pb > 900 mg/kg dw). Spatial regression analyses indicated that heavy metal deposition decreased with the log of distance from the DMTS haul road and the DMTS port site. Analysis of subsurface soil suggested that observed patterns of heavy metal deposition reflected in moss were not attributable to subsurface lithology at the sample points. Further, moss Pb concentrations throughout the northern half of the study area were high relative to concentrations previously reported from other Arctic Alaska sites. Collectively, these findings indicate the presence of mine-related heavy metal deposition throughout the northern portion of Cape Krusenstern National Monument. Geospatial analyses suggest that the Pb depositional area extends 25 km north of the haul road to the Kisimilot/Iyikrok hills, and possibly beyond. More study is needed to determine whether higher moss heavy metal concentrations in the northernmost portion of the study area reflect deposition from mining-related activities, weathering from mineralized Pb/Zn outcrops in the broader region, or a combination of the two. South of the DMTS haul road, airborne deposition appears to be constrained by the Tahinichok Mountains. Heavy metal levels continue to diminish south of the mountains, reaching a minimum in the southernmost portion of the study area near the Igichuk Hills (45 km from the haul road). The influence of the mine site was not studied.     

渐进成形AA5754和AA6061铝合金的力学性能和显微组织演化（英文）

用单点渐进成形(SPIF)加工两种铝合金(AA5754和AA6061),且分析材料成形后的力学性能和显微组织演化,研究成形参数包括成形角(35°～55°)、进给速度(1～4m/min)、主轴转速(50～1000r/min)和润滑(润滑油、液压油)等的影响。分别通过拉伸试验和光学显微镜表征材料在SPIF前后的力学性能和显微组织演化。结果表明,成形角、进给速度和主轴转速的增大导致AA5754合金中晶粒和AA6061合金中第二相晶粒伸长。AA5754和AA6061铝合金的极限抗拉强度分别提高10%和8%。AA5754铝合金的延展性从22.9%下降到12%,AA6061铝合金的延展性从16%下降到10.7%。对于润滑效果,力学性能对润滑剂的种类不敏感。综上,SPIF过程能改善铝合金的显微组织、提高其强度,但降低其延展性。     

一种替代牛奶的发酵型酸奶-发酵酸豆奶的研制

以植物蛋白源大豆为主要原料完全或部分替代动物蛋白源牛奶,经调配、均质、杀菌、发酵等工艺,考察了泡豆时间、菌种发酵时间及大豆和奶粉的质量比等因素对产品口感和风味的影响。通过正交实验对发酵酸豆奶进行工艺优化,得到了最佳工艺参数:泡豆时间为8h、发酵时间为6h、大豆和奶粉的质量比例为3∶7、白砂糖9%、乳糖3%、山梨酸钾0·03%、稳定剂RD0·4%。在此工艺下制得的发酵酸豆奶色泽和口感俱佳,稳定性较高。      

让董事会与高管层打开坦诚合作的沟通之门

董事会的大部分工作都是在私密的董事会会议室内完成的。在这里,董事们一起讨论董事会的会议议题、与管理层会谈、提供建议、审议通过提案、进行决策。而有关董事会成员个人如何作出贡献和董事会作为群体如何有效率工作方面的信息,外界几乎无法获知。     

岩屑甩干机刮刀磨损及分离效率研究

针对岩屑甩干机刮刀磨损问题以及分离效率问题,本次研究首先对岩屑甩干机的结构及工作原理进行介绍,在此基础上,对岩屑甩干机刮刀磨损影响因素进行分析,对岩屑甩干机分离效率进行研究,为保障岩屑甩干机的安全高效运行奠定基础。研究表明：对于岩屑甩干机而言,其主要是从泥浆中对大颗粒的岩屑进行分离,在使用的过程中,在刮刀位置处非常容易出现磨损问题,其中,粒径、质量流量以及冲击速度等三项参数属于影响刮刀磨损的重要因素,在使用岩屑甩干机的过程中,如何提高其分离效率是一项重要问题,刮刀与筛网间隙、刮刀转子半锥角、固体速度与粒径、入口速度、转速与转速差等因素都会对分离效率产生重要影响。