Nonstationary filtering of transmission tomograms in high photon counting noise

The algorithm presented here for nonstationary constrained least-squares filtering deals with the transmission photon counting noise problem in the presence of limited dosages and highly nonhomogeneous fields. This technique consists of a design for a set of nonstationary filters, tuned to local noise autocorrelation functions in the reconstructed image. Estimates of noise properties can be taken from object detection information. The approach yields improvement in the tradeoff between noise levels and resolution of the image by exchanging artifacts for less colored noise, which is more easily overcome by the viewer.     

小型轧机的铸造轧辊

1.前言在上个世纪末,轧辊制造工艺还不很完善,材质为简单的普通铸铁。辊身在冷型中铸造,而辊颈在砂模中铸造,见图1.在冷型中的部分由于具有较高的冷却速度可以得到富碳化物的辊身表面;在砂型中的部分由     

爆炸粉末冶金 第一部分

爆炸粉末冶金作为一种难熔金属和超合金潜在的加工技术,本文作了介绍。这些材料的难加工性向加工工业提出了挑战。本文介绍了一种球形爆炸压制装置,以期概括地描述一下工业生产所需的参数,并得出与圆柱形爆炸压制方法的相互关系。     

设计电解槽阳极时应考虑的因素

序言铝工业趋向采用低电流密度的大型多爪头阳极,所以考虑对使用中阳极有影响的起作用的机械应力和热应力的设计因素变得更加重要。设计时应该使合成应力不超过碳块的机械强度极限,同时要使钢爪和碳块间的接触电压降为最小。     

国际镍公司 Acton 贵金属精炼厂的溶剂萃取

由于安大略省 Sudbury 地区的 Cu-Ni 硫化矿中含有微量贵金属,因而使得国际镍公司包括了贵金属的精炼。最初发现该矿,大约在一百年前,即1883年。六年后,在此矿床中发现了重要的铂族金属矿物—砷铂矿(PtAs_2)。通常供国际镍公司精炼厂用的矿石,其含量为1ppm 左右的铂族金属,还有引人注意的大量的 Au 和 Ag。     

Photoacoustic technique for simultaneous measurements of thermal effusivity and absorptivity of pigments in liquid solution

A photoacoustic (PA) methodology, in the transmission configuration, for simultaneous measurements of thermal effusivity and molar absorption coefficient (absorptivity) for pigments in liquid solution is introduced. The analytical treatment involves a self-normalization procedure for the PA signal, as a function of the modulation frequency, for a strong absorbing material in the thermally thin regime, when the light travels across the sample under study. Two fitted parameters are obtained from the analysis of the self-normalized PA amplitude and phase, one of them proportional to the sample's optical absorption coefficient and from which, taking it for a series of samples at different concentrations, the pigment's absorptivity in liquid solution can be measured, the other one yields the sample's thermal effusivity. Methylene blue's absorptivity in distilled water was measured with this methodology at 658 nm, finding good agreement with the corresponding one reported in the literature.     

Note: The intermodulation lockin analyzer

Nonlinear systems can be probed by driving them with two or more pure tones while measuring the intermodulation products of the drive tones in the response. We describe a digital lockin analyzer which is designed explicitly for this purpose. The analyzer is implemented on a field-programmable gate array, providing speed in analysis, real-time feedback, and stability in operation. The use of the analyzer is demonstrated for intermodulation atomic force microscopy. A generalization of the intermodulation spectral technique to arbitrary drive waveforms is discussed.     

Pressure waves in the aorta during isolated abdominal belt loading: the magnitude, phasing, and attenuation

While rupture of the aorta is a leading cause of sudden death following motor vehicle crashes, the specific mechanism that causes this injury is not currently well understood. Aortic ruptures occurring in the field are likely due to a complex combination of contributing factors such as acceleration, compression of the chest, and increased pressure within the aorta. The objective of the current study was to investigate one of these factors in more detail than has been done previously; specifically, to investigate the in situ intra-aortic pressure generated during isolated belt loading to the abdomen. Ten juvenile swine were subjected to dynamic belt loads applied to the abdomen. Intraaortic pressure was measured at multiple locations to assess the magnitude and propagation of the resulting blood pressure wave. The greatest average peak pressure (113.6 +/- 43.5 kPa) was measured in the abdominal aorta. Pressures measured in the thoracic aorta and aortic arch were 70 per cent and 50 per cent, respectively, that measured in the abdominal aorta. No macroscopic aortic trauma was observed. To the authors' knowledge the present study is the first one to document the presence, propagation, and attenuation of a transient pressure wave in the aorta generated by abdominal belt loading. The superiorly moving wave is sufficient to generate hydrostatic and intimal shear stress in the aorta, possibly contributing to the hypothesized mechanisms of traumatic aortic rupture.     

Computer-aided methods in bespoke breast prosthesis design and fabrication

This case study presents a method of utilizing computer-aided design technologies to provide bespoke, external breast prostheses. The technique is illustrated through a case study of a mastectomy patient. Photogrammetry methods were used to capture the breast form when supported by a brassiere and the unsupported breast and defect side. Computer-aided design techniques were used to generate a digital prosthesis based upon the supported breast shape and with a fitting surface that matched the defect side. Furthermore, a two-part mould was designed and fabricated using rapid prototyping methods. A colour-matched prosthesis was then fabricated in a gel-based, platinum-cured silicone.     

西班牙灌溉现代化对水质和水量的影响研究

以西班牙埃布罗（Ebro）河流域为例,分析了灌溉现代化过程对水量和水质的影响,旨在对优化农业用水进行深入分析和讨论,研究过程使用了基于水量核算的概念性方法。结果表明,如果灌区的位置和灌溉回流水质允许再次使用回流水,则灌溉现代化仍涉及耗水量增加的问题。另外,灌溉现代化减少了灌溉回流的水量和污染物的含量,提高了接收水体的水质。水管理现代化是使新的灌溉基础设施所产生的经济、社会和环境效益最大化的需要。