未完成的人与乐

初听《未完成》，同时买了丰子恺译的《二大乐圣的生涯与艺术》来读，是几十年前的事。至今不见一部较详的中文舒伯特传。手头这本约翰·里德的书，薄薄的，自然也不过瘾。一个只活了三十一岁却留下近千篇作品(而且还有不少散失了的)、全集四十大册的人，只用一两百页来交代他的生平，就像是交响乐简化为小曲了。好处是此传较新(一九七八年)，纷纭的旧说已淘汰澄清，只叙不议，重要情节介绍得清清楚楚。其中的图片，许多是老相识，印得如此清晰，大有助于联想当年情景。须知那是可以作现场报道观的，是其好友们以亲身目睹为依据所作的画。总之，对于醉心舒伯特其人其乐的我，慰情聊胜无，于是在舒伯特音乐的“伴奏”下又有了不少杂感。     

二钢连铸中间包水口改进

简要介绍了二钢连铸中间包水口试验改进情况。     

Multiregional estimation of gross internal migration flows

"A multiregional model of gross internal migration flows is presented in this article. The interdependence of economic factors across all regions is recognized by imposing a non-stochastic adding-up constraint that requires total inmigration to equal total outmigration in each time period. An iterated system estimation technique is used to obtain asymptotically consistent and efficient parameter estimates. The model is estimated for gross migration flows among the Canadian provinces over the period 1962-86 and then is used to examine the likelihood of a wash-out effect in net migration models. The results indicate that previous approaches that use net migration equations may not always be empirically justified."     

Effect of vacuum-packaged frozen storage, after cooking, on the phospholipids of Hereford and Bison

Changes in the neutral lipid (NL), phospholipid (PL) and their fatty acid (FA) profiles in lean samples of cooked and cooked, vacuum-packaged, frozen (28 days) Hereford and Bison L. dorsi muscle were analyzed. Samples from Herefords contained more saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the neutral lipid fraction than Bison. Storage decreased the C_18:2, C_18:3, C_20:1 and C_20:4 content of the NL. Bison samples contained more total PL and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) than Hereford. Storage decreased the content of the least polar of the PL which were eluted in the solvent front (fraction 1), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), PE and sphingomyelin (SPH). In the combined PL fraction, there were no differences in the FA profile of Bison and Hereford. Storage resulted in a decrease in the content of C_18:2, C_20:4, unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the combined PL fraction. In the PE fraction, Bison samples contained more C_20:4 and PUFA than Hereford. Storage had no effect on the FA profile of PE. The LPC fraction of Bison samples contained more saturated SFA, UFA and PUFA than Hereford, and with storage these FA decreased. Cooked frozen storage also decreased SFA, UFA and PUFA in PC/LPE.     

Two-dimensional ultrasonic tomography in nondestructive evaluation by using area functions

It is shown that the (normalized) area function based on the Born approximation offers a simple connection between the ultrasonic scattering response and the monochromatic ray sum in X-ray CT (computerized tomography). Because of this simple association, it is possible to apply the ultrasonic signals in the computationally direct and efficient parallel-beam X-ray CT algorithm to reproduce the vertical thickness function of an ultrasonic scatterer. The development of this imaging methodology is demonstrated for flaws of simple geometry; theoretical as well as experimental results for two model scatterers using this imaging technique are reported. Specifically, the area functions for a two-to-one spheroid and a circular cylinder are calculated and applied to a filtered backprojection algorithm of X-ray CT to obtain the vertical thickness function images. These images are then compared with the true vertical thickness functions of the targets based on their geometry. With theoretical data, this method was found to work very well. Even when experimental data containing creeping waves were used, the method produced satisfactory results for objects with continuously smooth surface.     

Tenderization of beef with bacterial collagenase

The feasibility of using a purified collagenase produced by Clostridium histolyticum as a meat tenderizer was studied. Experiments were conducted with enzymes in model systems to compare collagenase with the currently used plant proteinases, papain, bromelain and ficin. Collagenase was shown to have a greater activity in hydrolyzing insoluble collagen than salt-soluble-protein (SSP) and highest activity between 40° and 60°C, with little to no activity above 60°C. Collagenase was added to raw steaks and steaks were placed in bags and cooked in a water bath to 6.5°C. Tenderness was evaluated by analyzing components of Warner-Bratzler shear-deformation curves. The results suggested that addition of NaCl or a combination of CaCl(2), NaCl and collagenase would cause equivalent tenderization. The lack of a significant tenderization due to collagenase could be related to a lack of sensitivity in the shear evaluation or an effect on the enzyme activity due to the meat environment.     

Carcass characteristics and composition of Brahman, angus and Brahman x Angus steers fed for different times-on-feed

Twenty-five steers of each of three breedtypes (Angus, Brahman and F(1) Brahman x Angus) were sorted by frame size and muscle thickness, assigned to groups (five steers of each breedtype) to be fed for 0, 56, 112, 168 or 224 days, slaughtered and compared for various carcass traits. Steers of each breedtype had similar dressing percentages. Carcasses from all three breedtypes merited similar USDA quality and yield grades; breedtypes differences in quality grade were slight. Differences were found in the fat deposition patterns exhibited by the three breedtypes. Brahman steers tended to deposit more of their total fat as subcutaneous fat early in the feeding period. Angus steers had more (P < 0·05) seam fat as a percentage of carcass weight at all five feeding periods and more (P < 0·05) kidney, pelvic and heart fat at two of the five feeding periods than Brahman steers. Brahman steers had a higher percentage of their separable lean in the muscles of the round than did steers of the other breedtypes.