高温轧制工艺（HTP）在高强度油气输送管线钢生产中的应用

近10年来油气输送管线的高运行压力，使得市场对具有良好低温韧性的X70、X80高强度管线钢的需求越来越大。当今要求在系列温度范围具有良好韧性的API X70管线项目的含金设计方法通常有两种：一种是获得铁素体／珠光体金相组织的低碳加锰低舍金高强度钢化学成分设计；一种是获得铁素体／针状铁素体金相组织的低碳加锰加钼的低合金高强度钢化学成分设计。当今要求在系列温度范围具有较高韧性的API X80管线项目的合金设计方法通常是低碳加锰加钼以获得传统的铁素体／针状铁素体组织。这种合金设计方法是生产高强度高韧性油气输送管线钢的通用方法，这在很多文献中也有过描述。近来，一种采用有利于形成铁素体／针状铁素体组织的低碳加锰加高铌的合金设计方法已经成功应用于一条API X80管线项目。该成分设计之所以独特在于它采用合金设计的轧制温度比传统的低碳加锰加钼的合金设计的轧制温度高，同时又能满足API X70或X80管线项目对钢管强度和韧性的要求。此外，不加钼就能获得理想的金相组织、强度和韧性，这对保证钢管母材、热影响区和焊缝的硬度低于260 Hv10也是很有利的。该合金设计能在较高温度轧制对提高产量和减小生产中轧机的制约（轧机栽荷问题，板形问题等）有利，这是需要在较低温度轧制的传统的低碳加锰加钼的合金设计方法所不能比的。该论文阐述了世界上第一条采用低碳加锰只加铌的合金设计和高温轧制工艺（HTP）的API X80输气管线的开发和生产情况。     

优化负荷及发电管理

热电系统或水-热电系统的运营商对运营进行长远规划,从而确定自身发电及采用其他可利用能源的供应量,如以合同形式采购能源.该计划的目的是最小化电力系统的运行成本,或最大化利润.     

Simulation of dike-break processes in the Yellow River

Although dike-break and dam-break processes have similar unsteady and discontinuous hydrodynamic characteristics, there are significant differences. In general, dam-break simulations focus on the flood discharge, whereas dike-break simulations are required to provide detailed information on the hydraulic and breach evolution processes, such as pit-scour and breach-expansion. In order to overcome the difficulties inherent in applying existing dam-break models to dike-breaks, this paper presents an integrated model that combines the shallow water, sediment transport, riverbed deformation and breach-expansion equations. A Godunov-type finite volume method is used for the flow simulation, based on a fixed quadtree grid system. The hydro-dynamic aspects of the model are validated for an idealized rectangular dam break. A representative reach in the Yellow River is selected at a location where there is a significant risk of a dike-break, and full-scale topographic and hydrologic data are available. Typical di     

Phosphorylation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor expressed in HEK293 cells

The 5-hydroxytrptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor is a pentameric complex belonging to the family of ligand-gated ion channels. A variety of studies have suggested that phosphorylation regulates the rate of desensitisation and the size of amplitude of the receptor current. In this study we have examined the phosphorylation of the myc-tagged wild-type 5-HT3A receptor subunits from guinea-pig expressed in HEK293 cells (human embryonic kidney). Stably transfected cells were metabolically labelled with 32P-phosphoric acid. The results of immunoprecipitation and autoradiography demonstrate that both splicc variants of the 5-HT3A receptor subunit are phosphorylated in HEK293 cells. Site-specific mutagenesis revealed that phosphorylation occurs at serine 409, a potential target of protein kinase A. Thus the 5-HT3 receptor might be modulated by intracellular pathways, that allow variable 5-hydroxytryptamine action as responses to different extracellular stimuli.     

Domestic and personal accidents. Prevention in the absence of professional supervision

This paper provides a review of a selection of recent papers, most of which derive from presentations given at the 4th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Control or the 6th International Conference on Product Safety Research, both of which took place in Amsterdam in May 1998. What all the accidents studied in these papers have in common is the absence of professional supervision. Everyone immediately involved in the incident--whether as injured party, unintended cause or informal supervisor is an 'amateur'. It is proposed that the term 'domestic and personal accidents' should be used to describe this group of accidents, the study of which has been neglected in comparison to transport and occupational injuries. It is argued that domestic and personal activities are more heterogeneous than ones with an element of professional supervision and are therefore more difficult to prevent. Nevertheless examples are given of where 'horizontal' approaches to analysis and prevention of these accidents have proved possible.     

Beam injection flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: a new flame method

A new flame method of atomic absorption spectrometry is described. The liquid sample to be analyzed is transported as a high-speed liquid jet into a heated tube which is positioned in an air/acetylene flame. The jet is generated by means of an HPLC pump which feeds a smooth jet nozzle having a diameter of 50 microns or smaller. After traveling a distance of 10 cm, the liquid jet enters a small sample introduction hole, impacts onto the opposite inner wall of the tube furnace, and immediately vaporizes (jet impact vaporization, JIV). Both the complete introduction of the entire sample and the extended residence time inside the absorption volume result in an improvement in power of detection from 6- to 202-fold for 17 elements (Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, K, Pb, Pd, Rb, Sb, Se, Te, Tl, Zn). A standard deviation of 1.7-4.0% (n = 12, 50 microL) was achieved. Sample volumes between 10 microL and 1 mL have been investigated. For 50 microL sample volumes, the sampling frequency is 4/min. The new method can also be considered a simple, effective interface between HPLC and flame AAS.     

Two-dimensional fluorescence correlation in capillary electrophoresis for peak resolution and species identification

A new spectroscopic dimension-fluorescence intensity correlation--is introduced to enhance peak resolution and species identification in capillary electrophoresis. In two-dimensional correlation CE, a conventional electropherogram is spread into two dimensions through cross-correlation analysis of fluorescence time response. A laser that is sinusoidally modulated in intensity is used as the excitation source. Three channels of information are collected during a CE run: the steady-state intensity, the ac amplitude, and the phase-resolved fluorescence intensity. The correlation between two chosen channels is then evaluated. A two-dimensional correlation electropherogram consists of a plot of the correlation intensity versus two axes of migration time. Through correlation analysis, species discrimination and peak resolution are significantly enhanced without having to physically separate the solutes. Two-dimensional correlation CE showed complete resolution between two overlapping sample peaks with a resolution of 0.28 in the conventional one-dimensional electropherogram. In separations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), two-dimensional correlation analysis resolved all overlapping elution peaks unseparable by one-dimensional MEKC, demonstrating the utility of 2D correlation in separation method development. The capability of 2D correlation CE in species identification is demonstrated with a sequence of 39 consecutively injected peaks containing four fluorescent dyes. Species identification in sequencing is achieved without complex data treatment in two-dimensional correlation CE.     

Phase reconstruction from undersampled intensity patterns

We demonstrate the uniqueness and convergence of phase recovery from high-spatial-frequency and undersampled intensity data. Furthermore, this is accomplished without the ambiguities that arise in phase unwrapping and without the need to employ a priori information. The method incorporates the technique of line integration of the phase gradient to find the first approximation to the phase and the algorithm of synthetic interferograms to find the unknown phase with high accuracy. The method may be used with any experimental method that at a certain data processing step obtains generalized sine and cosine intensity functions.     

Nonlinear diffusion filtering of images obtained by planar laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy

The application of nonlinear anisotropic diffusion filtering to reduce noise and enhance contours in images obtained by two-dimensional planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) spectroscopy is presented. In this process the diffusion coefficient is locally adapted, becoming negligible as object boundaries are approached. Noise is efficiently removed, and object contours are strongly enhanced. The technique is demonstrated with PLIF images obtained from the OH radical recorded in turbulent flames. We show that nonlinear diffusion is suitable as a preprocessing step, before image segmentation becomes possible, and we demonstrate how the technique is applied for the quantitative extraction of flame reaction boundaries from PLIF data.