Ferroelectric materials for vibrational energy harvesting

Energy harvesting is an appealing technology that makes use of the ambient energy which is otherwise wasted. Piezoelectric materials directly convert the elastic energy to the electric energy, and thus have a great advantage in scavenging vibrational energy for simplicity in device structure with relatively high power density. This paper provides an overview on the research of piezoelectric materials in energy harvesting in recent decades, from basics of piezoelectricity and working principle of energy harvesting with piezoelectric materials, to the progress of development of high-performance piezoelectrics including ceramics, single crystals and polymers, then to experimental attempts on the device fabrication and optimization, finally to perspective applications of piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH). The criteria for selection of materials for PEH applications are introduced. Not only the figure of merit but also maximum allowable stress of materials are taken into account in the evaluation of their potential in achieving high energy density and output power density. The influence of the device configuration on the performance is also acknowledged and discussed. The magnitude and distribution of induced stress in the piezoelectric unit upon excitation by the vibration source play an important role in determining the output power density and can be tuned via proper design of device configuration without changing its resonant frequency. Approaches to address the issue of frequency match accompanying with the resonant mode are illustrated with literature examples. Usage of PEH devices can be extended to a variety of vibration sources in everyday life as well as in nature. Some appealing applications of PEH, such as in implantable and wearable devices, are reviewed.     

Development of an ultrahard nanotwinned cBN micro tool for cutting hardened steel

Binderless nanotwinned cubic boron nitride (nt-cBN) synthesized from onion-structured BN precursors under high pressure and high temperature shows a very fine microstructure consisting of densely lamellar nanotwins (average thickness of 4 nm) within nanograins. The unique nanotwinned microstructure offers high hardness, wear resistance, fracture toughness, and thermal stability which are essential for advanced cBN tool materials. Thus, a circular micro tool of nt-cBN was fabricated using femtosecond laser contour machining followed by focused ion beam precision milling. Thereafter turning tests were performed on hardened steel using the studied micro tool. To evaluate the cutting performance, the machined surface quality and subsurface damage of the hardened steel were characterized. The wear mechanism of the nt-cBN micro tool was also investigated. It is found that the fabricated nt-cBN micro tool can generate high quality surface with surface roughness less than 7 nm and nanograin subsurface of about 500 nm deep. In addition, abrasive wear is found to be the dominant wear mechanism of the nt-cBN micro tool in turning hardened steel. These results indicate that nt-cBN has outstanding potential for ultra-precision cutting hardened steel.     

氨基糖苷类抗生素混合物对蛋白核小球藻的时间依赖性毒性

越来越多的研究表明,污染物在不同暴露时间具有不同的毒性变化规律。以4种氨基糖苷类抗生素,硫酸安普霉素(APR)、双氢链霉素(DIH)、硫酸新霉素(NEO)和硫酸链霉素(STS)为混合物组分,应用直接均分射线法和均匀射线法对4类抗生素设计出6组二元混合体系和4组三元混合体系,每个混合物体系设计5条射线共50条射线,采用时间毒性微板分析法(T-MAT)测定这些抗生素混合物射线在6个暴露时间点(即0、12、24、48、72和96 h)对蛋白核小球藻(C.pyrenoidosa)的生长抑制毒性。结果表明,抗生素二元和三元混合物系的50条射线对C.pyrenoidosa毒性均具有明显的时间依赖性,即混合物射线的毒性随着暴露时间的延长而增强;以半数效应浓度(EC50)的负对数p EC50为毒性指标,不同混合物体系的时间毒性变化规律不同,有的混合物从0 h开始,毒性随时间延长逐渐增强,有的从12 h或24h,甚至48 h后,毒性开始迅速增加;同一混合物体系中不同射线的毒性因组分浓度比的变化而变化,即混合物射线的毒性随毒性大的组分比例增加而增强。     

从软件的角度看“慕课”

慕课作为一种基于浏览器使用的大规模开放在线课程,本质上是通过软件的设计完成了授课、考评、学位授予等一系列传统课堂教育所承担的教学任务。慕课是开放教育资源的一种形式,从某种意义上讲,是互联网所兴起的开放知识、开源、自由共享的风潮在教育领域的体现。本文由慕课软件与开源软件的对比出发,分析了现有慕课平台在软件设计、教育模式、用户习惯等方面的不足,进而结合我国实际情况和需要,提出研制慕课一类网络教学模式和软件的必要性及慕课在我国推广的可能方式,为我国开展适合国情的慕课平台研究、开发与实践提出了参考性意见。     

梭式窑富氧燃烧的数值模拟研究

采用Fluent软件对日用陶瓷梭式窑的富氧燃烧技术改造进行数值模拟计算。研究不同富氧浓度对于梭式窑温度场及制品温度带来的影响及规律。结果表明,随着氧气浓度的增加,梭式窑内火焰最高温度逐渐增加,窑内温度的均匀性变好,但在不改变喷枪口径的情况下,窑内陶瓷制品的温度变化不显著。为了提高陶瓷制品的烧成温度,应对窑内喷枪进行改造,减小喷枪口径,增大燃气与富氧喷入速度可提高对流换热作用,进而提高陶瓷制品温度。增加棚板层的层间高度可使更多的热气流从陶瓷制品上方进入到制品区域内部进行对流换热,减小陶瓷制品区域温差。     

基于数据分布的快速灰关联分析

从灰关联分析中最核心的灰关联度构造及相应的挖掘算法出发,结合正态分布的普适性,提出了一种体现数据分布特点的正态灰数,并给出了相应的灰度及灰关联度计算方法。在此基础上,构建了一种多粒度无监督的快速灰聚类方法,无需先验知识即可完成自动聚类。通过实验验证了本文方法的有效性,为大数据下灰关联分析的进一步发展提供了新思路。     

分等级多孔勃姆石微球对刚果红的吸附研究

以硫酸铝钾和尿素为原料,采用水热法制备了具有分等级多孔勃姆石微球;采用扫描电子显微镜、X-射线粉末衍射仪和N2吸脱附仪对所制备的样品进行了表征;研究了分等级多孔勃姆石微球对刚果红的吸附性能,考察了刚果红浓度、吸附温度及重复使用对吸附性能的影响,并对吸附过程进行了动力学分析及相关吸附理论研究。结果表明:制备的勃姆石为分等级多孔微球,表面由纳米片构成,微球直径约为3~4μm;其比表面积为82.5m2/g。勃姆石对刚果红的平衡吸附量随刚果红的初始浓度的增加而增加,平衡吸附量随温度的升高而降低。对刚果红的最大吸附量达173.9mg/g。勃姆石对刚果红的吸附符合Langmuir单分子层吸附模型,吸附过程更符合二级动力学特征。     

细胞自动机：简单的规则，复杂的行为

细胞自动机是一种时间、空间与状态都离散的数学模型。回顾了初等细胞自动机模型的应用及其符号动力学刻画的相关文献,在大量统计性质和计算机模拟基础上,着重分析具有鲁棒Bernoulli移位特征的细胞自动机规则的一些符号动力学性质,揭示了细胞自动机的简单规则中蕴含着复杂、混沌的非线性动力学特性。这些结果丰富了细胞自动机的理论基础,也将促进符号动力系统的理论和应用的研究。     

混杂PVA-ECC配合比优化设计及力学性能试验研究

为了降低工程用水泥基复合材料(ECC, Engineered Cementitious Composites)制造成本,使ECC能够在实际工程中大规模应用,将中国产PVA纤维和日本产PVA纤维以一定的比例混合,配制混杂PVA-ECC。基于ECC的材料设计理论,兼顾抗压强度和受拉能力,对掺有硅粉的混杂PVA-ECC中的纤维体积含量进行了优化设计。通过四点弯曲试验和轴心抗压试验,研究了混杂PVA-ECC在不同龄期下的弯曲性能和抗压性能。试验结果表明,混杂PVA-ECC试件均表现出明显的应变硬化和多缝开裂的特征,此外,其抗压强度后期增长明显。基于UM法,提出一种改进的反分析方法,可利用四点弯曲试验结果推导ECC的极限拉伸应变,并与试验结果进行了比较,结果表明,通过建议的反分析方法得到的预测值与试验值吻合较好。     

基于ZigBee技术的电能质量监测与分析

针对普通电能质量监测仪器存在的问题,提出了ZigBee无线通信技术用于电能质量监测的设计方案.介绍了检测节点、路由节点的工作原理和整体硬件架构,上位机采用LabVIEW软件进行分析.通过对用户侧电压的监测实验表明,该系统运行良好,可以为电网的优化运行提供依据.