Guest editors' introduction.

The idea, or seed for this special series on psychotherapy training originally grew from a panel that took place at the 2006 North American Society of Psychotherapy Research (NASPR) conference in Burr Oak, Ohio. Although adhering to different theoretical perspectives and representing diverse professional backgrounds, the contributors to this panel (the authors in this series) agreed that little more than a dearth of research has been conducted on psychotherapy training. This knowledge gap, to a certain degree, mimics the current status of psychotherapy research. Given that we know that psychotherapy works, it seems reasonable to conclude that something is working in the training of psychotherapists. We are, however, less confident in our ability to explain how psychotherapy works, and, similarly, we are less knowledgeable about what are the most effective (and ineffective) elements of training. In our view, just as we pursue the question of how psychotherapy works in the hope of improving treatment outcomes, we should also pursue a greater knowledge base regarding psychotherapy training in the hope of improving training programs, and ultimately treatment outcomes. One goal of this series is to offer a variety of perspectives on effective psychotherapy training based on empirical knowledge, theory, and clinic experience. Another important goal of this series is to provide directives for future research on training, in the hope of providing a framework from which to begin addressing the aforementioned gap in the field's knowledge base. Thus, each of the four following papers is comprised of two parts: one addressing important elements of a training program and another that is focused on future directions for research on training. In addition to the common structure of the papers in this series, we believe that each paper plays a complimentary role in relation to the others. Although the authors of this series agree on the importance of training, they all believe that much more needs to be done to better understand and foster the development of effective therapists. As such, our hope in putting together this series was to encourage the field to actively pursue better ways to think about and conduct psychotherapy training, as well as to devote more energy in research aimed at addressing some of the critical questions raised by this complex endeavor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evaluation of reliability and metallurgical integrity of wire bonds and lead free solder joints on flexible printed circuit board sample modules

This paper presents a study of the optimization of the gold plating thickness for the use of both wire bonding and soldered interconnects on a flexible printed circuit board sample module. Wire bondability is typically better, when the gold plating thickness is greater than 30 μin.; however, the risk of problems with solder joint embrittlement becomes a concern with thick gold plating. In order to better understand the effect of the gold plating thickness on wire bondability and solder joint embrittlement, an evaluation was performed on samples with three ranges of gold plating thicknesses (10–20 μin., 20–30 μin., and 30–45 μin.), on flexible printed circuit board (PCB), substrates. Mechanical shear testing and metallurgical analyses were conducted on chip component solder joints in this three thickness gold study. Thermal shock and drop testing were conducted to evaluate the reliability of the sample modules. Drop testing is especially critical for determining the reliability of the sample modules, which are used in portable consumer electronics products. Reliability testing and metallurgical analyses have been performed to characterize the effect of gold embrittlement on the mechanical integrity of the solder joints with a gold content ranging from 1 to 4 wt.%.     

CIPHER EQUIPMENT

Abstract

In this article, a simplified version of the International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) is described. This simplified version, like simplified versions of DES [8-12 Schaefer , E. 1996 . “A Simplified Data Encryption Standard Algorithm,” Cryptologia , 20 ( 1 ): 77 – 84 . Schneier , B. 1996 . Applied Cryptography, , 2nd ed . Wiley , New York , NY . Schneier , B. 1999. Crypto Guru Bruce Schneier Answers. http://slashdot.org/interviews/99/10/29/0832246.shtml last accessed February 23, 2007. Shannon , C. “Communications Theory of Secrecy Systems,” Oct. 1949 . Bell Systems Technical Journal , 28 ( 4 ): 656 – 715 . Trappe , W. and L. Washington . 2006 . Introduction to Cryptography with Coding Theory, , 2nd ed. Prentice Hall , Upper Saddle River , NJ . ] and AES [6 Musa , M. , E. Shaefer , and S. Wedig . 2003 . “A Simplified AES Algorithm and its Linear and Differential Cryptanalysis,” Cryptologia , 17 ( 2 ): 148 – 177 . [Google Scholar] 7 Phan , R. 2002 . “Mini Advanced Encryption Standard (Mini-AES): A Testbed for Cryptanalysis Students,” Cryptologia , 26 ( 4 ): 283 – 306 .[Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]] that have appeared in print, is intended to help students understand the algorithm by providing a version that permits examples to be worked by hand. IDEA is useful teaching tool to help students bridge the gap between DES and AES.     

THE SWEDISH HC-9 CIPHERING MACHINE

The HC-9 ciphering machine was used in Sweden after World War II. It satisfied the need for a simple key-setting process and the requirement of resistance to cryptanalysis by reduction of the risk of error when operated. The machine uses a punched card system instead of pin wheels and a drum with 16 changeable mixed alphabets which interrelated with the card reading mechanism and rotates after each letter is enciphered. The enciphering/deciphering process is described along with the machine's operating principles.     

Analytical performance prediction for robust constrained model predictive control

This paper presents a new analysis tool for predicting the closed-loop performance of a robust constrained model predictive control (MPC) scheme. Currently, performance is typically evaluated by numerical simulation, leading to an extensive computation when investigating the effect of controller parameters, such as the horizon length, the cost weightings and the constraint settings. The analytic method, in this paper, avoids this computational burden, thus enabling a rapid study of the trades between the design parameters and the performance. Previous work developed an MPC formulation employing constraint tightening to achieve robust feasibility and constraint satisfaction despite the action of an unknown but bounded disturbance. This paper shows that the expected performance of that controller can be predicted using a combination of the gains of two linear systems, the optimal control for the unconstrained system, and a candidate policy used in performing the constraint tightening. The method also accounts for the possible mismatch between the predicted level of disturbance and the actual level encountered. The analytic results are compared with simulation results for several examples and are shown to provide accurate predictions of performance and its variation with the system parameters.     

Sufficient LMI stability conditions for Lur’e type systems governed by a control law designed on their Euler approximate model

In this paper, the stability issue of Lur’e systems governed by a control law stabilising their forward Euler approximate model is investigated. More specifically, the considered control law is obtained by exploiting the advantages of a new Lur’e type Lyapunov function with disconnected level sets. This Lyapunov function is adapted to discrete-time Lur’e systems and to the structure of the forward Euler approximate model. The main result consists of linear matrix inequality conditions allowing to guarantee that the continuous-time Lur’e system associated with the proposed digital control law is globally asymptotically stable. The relevance of this approach is illustrated using a numerical example.     

Psychological health-sickness (PHS) as a predictor of outcomes in dynamic and other psychotherapies.

This is the first dedicated review of quantitative studies on Freud's proposition that the poorer the psychological health, the more limited are the benefits from treatment. Since observer-rated scales for PHS were developed in 1949, many studies have applied them, and the majority show significant prediction of outcomes of psychotherapy, with correlations between .2 and .35. This article reviews (1) the main methods of measurement, (2) the record of predictive success, (3) validity studies, (4) the relation to psychiatric diagnosis, (5) prediction in forms of treatment other than psychotherapy, and (6) theories of why psychological health predicts outcomes of psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Designing and equipping a usability laboratory

The goal of usability lab design is to create a space where high quality data capture occurs in an environment that looks and feels like the workplace of the product that is being tested. The lab must be part recording studio and part flexible work environment. Since most work environments are not recording studios, achieving a balance between simulation of the work environment and high quality data capture presents a challenge to usability lab designers. Steps can be taken with a user-centred design process to insure that a usability lab design meets this goal. This paper describes such a user-centred design process and how it. in combination with practical architectural and equipment guidelines derived from the authors' past experience, can be used in the design and redesign of future labs. The authors also discuss what changed in the present lab at NCR as a result of these guidelines.     

An innovative software architecture to improve information flow from CAM to CNC

Over the years, machine tool evolution has allowed faster equipment, using new configurations, to manufacture parts that were almost impossible to machine in the past. Despite this tremendous evolution in machine and control technologies, the metalworking industry is still using the old ISO 6983 G-Codes programming interface to control the motion of these machines. This programming interface is not the most flexible or most appropriate for use by new open-architecture machine controllers and object-oriented high-level machining interfaces such as ISO 14649 (STEP-NC). This work proposes an innovative language, the ‘Base Numerical Control Language (BNCL),’ which is based on a low-level simple instruction set-like approach. The architecture is designed around two concepts: the BNCL virtual machine, which acts as a virtual microprocessor, and the BNCL virtual hardware, which is an abstraction of the machine tool. The language is characterised by its simplicity and flexibility, two qualities that are critical in a market in which the capabilities and performance of machines are constantly improving. The proposed architectural concepts are validated through various computer simulation and physical tests, including performance throughput, trajectory driving, and CNC controller extension capabilities.     

Sensitive and Reversible Detection of Methanol and Water Vapor by In Situ Electrochemically Grown CuBTC MOFs on Interdigitated Electrodes

The in situ electrochemical growth of Cu benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate (CuBTC) metal–organic frameworks, as an affinity layer, directly on custom‐fabricated Cu interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) is described, acting as a transducer. Crystalline 5–7 µm thick CuBTC layers are grown on IDEs consisting of 100 electrodes with a width and a gap of both 50 µm and a height of 6–8 µm. These capacitive sensors are exposed to methanol and water vapor at 30 °C. The affinities show to be completely reversible with higher affinity toward water compared to methanol. For exposure to 1000 ppm methanol, a fast response is observed with a capacitance change of 5.57 pF at equilibrium. The capacitance increases in time followed diffusion‐controlled kinetics (k = 2.9 mmol s^?0.5 g^?1_CuBTC). The observed capacitance change with methanol concentration follows a Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with a value for the equilibrium affinity K _e = 174.8 bar^?1. A volume fraction f _MeOH = 0.038 is occupied upon exposure to 1000 ppm of methanol. The thin CuBTC affinity layer on the Cu‐IDEs shows fast, reversible, and sensitive responses to methanol and water vapor, enabling quantitative detection in the range of 100–8000 ppm.