Partitioning and bioaccumulation of PBDEs and PCBs in Lake Michigan

Water from Lake Michigan and fish from all five Great Lakes have been sampled and analyzed for a suite of six polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 110 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs). The Lake Michigan dissolved phase PBDE congener concentrations (0.2 to 10 pg/L) are similar to dissolved phase PCB congener concentrations (nondetected to 13 pg/L). Partitioning of PBDEs between the particulate and dissolved phases exhibits behavior similar to that of PCBs. Organic-carbon-normalized water-particle partition coefficients (log K(OC)s) ranged from 6.2 to 6.5. Lake trout are depleted in BDE-99 relative to dissolved phase concentrations, and in contrast to what is expected from the PCB congener patterns. This reflects suspected debromination of BDE-99 in the food web of Lake Michigan. A regression of the log of the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and the log of the octanol-water partition coefficent (K(OW)) indicated a positive relationship for both PCB congeners and PBDE congeners. BDE-99 does not appear to followthe same trend, a further indication that it is subject to biotransformation. Using the PBDE BAFs for Lake Michigan and the PBDE fish concentrations from the other Great Lakes it is expected that the dissolved phase concentrations of congeners in the other lakes would range from 0.04 to approximately 3 pg/L.     

Decision rules for selecting effect sizes in meta-analysis: A review and reanalysis of psychotherapy outcome studies.

This study deals with some of the judgmental factors involved in selecting effect sizes from within the studies that enter a meta-analysis. Particular attention is paid to the conceptual redundancy rule that Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) used in their study of the effectiveness of psychotherapy for deciding which effect sizes should and should not be counted in determining an overall effect size. Data from a random sample of 25 studies from Smith et al.'s (1980) population of psychotherapy outcome studies were first recoded and then reanalyzed meta-analytically. Using the conceptual redundancy rule, three coders independently coded effect sizes and identified more than twice as many of them per study as did Smith et al. Moreover, the treatment effect estimates associated with this larger sample of effects ranged between .30 and .50, about half the size claimed by Smith et al. Analyses of other rules for selecting effect sizes showed that average effect estimates also varied with these rules. Such results indicate that the average effect estimates derived from meta-analyses may depend heavily on judgmental factors that enter into how effect sizes are selected within each of the individual studies considered relevant to a meta-analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

As Hangs the Flexible Line: Equilibrium of Masonry Arches

In 1675, English scientist Robert Hooke discovered “the true... ...manner of arches for building,” which he summarized with a single phrase: “As hangs the flexible line, so but inverted will stand the rigid arch.” In the centuries that followed, Hooke’s simple idea has been used to understand and design numerous important works. Recent research at MIT on the interactive analysis of structural forces provides new graphical tools for the understanding of arch behavior, which are useful for relating the forces and geometry of masonry structures. The key mathematical principle is the use of graphical analysis to determine possible equilibrium states.     

Use of infrared spectroscopy for the determination of electronegativity of rare earth elements

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to study a series of synthetic agardite minerals. Four OH stretching bands are observed at around 3568, 3482, 3362, and 3296 cm(-1). The first band is assigned to zeolitic, non-hydrogen-bonded water. The band at 3296 cm(-1) is assigned to strongly hydrogen-bonded water with an H bond distance of 2.72 A. The water in agardites is better described as structured water and not as zeolitic water. Two bands at around 999 and 975 cm(-1) are assigned to OH deformation modes. Two sets of AsO symmetric stretching vibrations were found and assigned to the vibrational modes of AsO(4) and HAsO(4) units. Linear relationships between positions of infrared bands associated with bonding to the OH units and the electronegativity of the rare earth elements were derived, with correlation coefficients >0.92. These linear functions were then used to calculate the electronegativity of Eu, for which a value of 1.1808 on the Pauling scale was found.     

迈图展出高性能有机硅弹性体及硬涂层产品解决方案

<正>迈图高新材料集团在2010上海国际橡塑展上展示了其高性能的特种有机硅弹性体和硬涂层产品解决方案。本次推广的产品包括全新的Silplus*硅橡胶系列、StatSile*抗菌型的加成硫化的固态胶和液态胶系列、高光学透明的铂金催化LSR7000系列以及具有热固化和紫外固化耐候硬涂层系列产品。     

Automated ground-based cloud recognition

Recognition of naturally occurring objects is a challenging task. In particular, the recognition of clouds is particularly challenging as the texture of such objects is extremely variable under different atmospheric conditions. There are several benefits of a practical system that can detect and recognise clouds in natural images especially for applications such as air traffic control. In this paper, we test well-known texture feature extraction approaches for automatically training a classifier system to recognise cumulus, towering cumulus, cumulo-nimbus clouds, sky and other clouds. For cloud recognition, we use a total of five different feature extraction methods, namely autocorrelation, co-occurrence matrices, edge frequency, Law’s features and primitive length. We use the k-nearest neighbour and neural network classifiers for identifying cloud types in test images. This exhaustive testing gives us a better understanding of the strengths and limitations of different feature extraction methods and classification techniques on the given problem. In particular, we find that no single feature extraction method is best suited for recognising all classes. Each method has its own merits. We discuss these merits individually and suggest further improvements in this difficult area.     

Room-Temperature Solid-Matrix Luminescence Spectroscopy of Pyrene and 1-Hydroxypyrene from Optically Clear Sugar Glasses

Room-temperature solid-matrix luminescence was investigated for two model compounds pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene from optically clear sugar glasses. Several glasses were investigated. Novel glasses were prepared for the first time from binary mixtures of sugars for spectroscopy. Glasses were prepared from glucose/xylose and glucose/maltose. The glucose/maltose gave a superior glass compared to glucose/xylose. The glucose/maltose glass gave the best room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) for pyrene compared to glasses of glucose and maltose without a heavy atom. The RTP was weak for both pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene without a heavy atom in the glucose glass. The addition of a heavy atom (12% NaI) gave a 44-fold increase in RTP of pyrene and a 10-fold increase in the RTP of 1-hydroxypyrene. Room temperature fluorescence (RTF) of pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene were easily observed from all the glass systems studied. However, the pyrene RTF intensity varied with the different sugar glass systems studied. Furthermore, a polymer, polyacrylic acid (PAA), was added to the sugar matrix at the level of 1% and 2% to improve the rigidity of the glass matrix. The observed phosphorescence was weak for pyrene at both the 1% and 2% PAA concentrations. A glass prepared with 2% PAA gave the strongest RTP for pyrene. Addition of 12% NaI with 1% polyacrylic acid did improve the RTP of pyrene but it was less than the RTP of pyrene from a glucose glass with 12% NaI by a factor of 2.7. A glucose glass with 12% NaI was the best system for RTP of pyrene.