FACTORS AFFECTING SAGGING TESTS ON ENAMELING IRON*

A method is described by which sagging tests may be made and the determinations may be duplicated with considerable accuracy. The effect of different furnaces is noted as well as such factors as furnace size, temperature and its control, width of samples, enamel coating, time of testing, size of sample, and metal composition.     

Significance of the reduction of alkali carbonates in catalytic carbon gasification

The catalytic effect of alkali carbonates on carbon gasification depends not only on the initial catalyst loading but also on how these carbonates are reduced to surface complexes during the initial heating of the samples. This effect is primarily due to three important processes which take place simultaneously during the initial heat treatment: 1, catalyst re-distribution on the surface; 2, catalyst loss by vaporization; and 3, change in the substrate surface area due to carbon conversion.     

Lipid and flavour quality of stored breast meat from broilers fed marine algae

In the current study, broilers were fed either 2·8 or 5·5% natural golden marine algae (MA) or 2·1% menhaden oil in an effort to produce an n-3 fatty acid (FA) enriched broiler breast product with acceptable flavour and lipid quality. Previously cooked or raw breast samples were stored at -23°C for 82 d and evaluated at intervals for flavour and TBA values. All treatments significantly increased breast n-3 FA content compared to samples from control-fed birds. The greatest n-3 FA deposition (212 mg kg⁻¹) was achieved by feeding 5·5% MA. All dietary n-3 FA significantly reduced flavour scores compared to samples from control-fed birds, although 2·8% MA samples were still considered acceptable by consumer panelists. Deterioration of flavour quality during storage of previously cooked samples was accelerated by all n-3 FA treatments except 2·8% MA. The rate of TBA production during storage of cooked breast meat was increased by n-3 FA, but this was curtailed by storing samples raw. These data indicate that 2·8% MA is useful for enhancing poultry tissue n-3 FA with minimal compromise in flavour or lipid quality, thus yielding a product that may serve as a substitute for fish in the diet. © 1988 Society of Chemical Industry     

The development of leadership skills in clinical practice

Leadership is often seen as the province of the manager. However, as the NHS changes and responsibility is increasingly devolved, practitioners at all levels are expected to lead change and innovation. In this paper the author describes how attending the Leadership in Nursing for the Community (LINC) programme has influenced her practice. As a result of the programme she has an increased awareness of her own leadership role and of the political and professional climate in which she works.     

The influence of transdermal nicotine on tobacco/nicotine abstinence and the effects of a concurrently administered cigarette in women and men.

Transdermal nicotine (TN) is an efficacious smoking cessation pharmacotherapy thought to work, in part, by attenuating the effects of tobacco/nicotine abstinence and the effects of concurrently smoked cigarettes. Clinical trials suggest that TN may be less efficacious for women. This study explored the possibility of TN-related gender differences in ≥8 hour abstinent smokers (54 women, 70 men) who completed four within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled sessions corresponding to 0, 7, 14, and 21 mg TN. In each approximately 6.5-hr long session participants smoked an own-brand cigarette 4 hours after TN administration and physiological and subjective outcomes were examined throughout each session. Results revealed that TN suppressed some signs and symptoms of tobacco abstinence and attenuated some effects of smoking, and these effects were not dependent on gender. Women were more sensitive to the direct effects of nicotine (e.g., ratings of Nauseous) and, independent of TN dose, self-administered less nicotine when smoking and rated smoking as less rewarding. Thus, although this study does not shed light on clinical observations that TN is less effective for women, results suggest that TN might need to be combined with other interventions to supplement its effects on tobacco/nicotine abstinence and concurrent smoking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Citation pattern and lifespan: a comparison of discipline,institution, and individual

Citation frequency is often used in hiring and tenure decisions as an indicator of the quality of a researcher’s publications. In this paper, we examine the influence of discipline, institution, journal impact factor, length of article, number of authors, seniority of author, and gender on citation rate of top-cited papers for academic faculty in geography and forestry departments. Self-citation practices and patterns of citation frequency across post-publication lifespan were also examined. Citation rates of the most-highly cited paper for all tenured forestry (N = 122) and geography (N = 91) faculty at Auburn University, Michigan State University, Northern Arizona University, Oklahoma State University, Pennsylvania State University, Texas A&M University, University of Florida, University of Massachusetts, University of Washington, and Virginia Tech were compared. Foresters received significantly more citations than geographers (t = 2.46, P = 0.02) and more senior authors received more citations than junior researchers (r ² = 0.14, P = 0.03). Articles published in journals with higher impact factors also received more citations (r ² = 0.28, P = 0.00). The median self-citation rate was 10% and there was no temporal pattern to the frequency of citations received by an individual article (x ² = 176). Our results stress the importance of only comparing citation rates within a given discipline and confirm the importance of author-seniority and journal rankings as factors that influence citation rate of a given article.     

Changes in self-containment within Melbourne, 1966–1981

Abstract

This paper explores the issues of whether the post Second World War suburbanisation of jobs and residents in large Australian cities has facilitated opportunities for outer suburban residents to obtain local work rather than travel to jobs in the inner suburbs, as was the typical case prewar. Empirical data are provided to examine this question for the case of one major Australian city, Melbourne.     

Pharmacokinetics of propranolol in healthy cats during euthyroid and hyperthyroid states

The effects of oxygen on the quantitative histochemical assay to detect glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity based on neotetrazolium reduction were studied in the different stages of carcinogenesis in the colon. Normal and hyperplastic epithelium, mucosae of patients with active Crohn's disease, and adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the colon were used. Epithelium of normal and inflamed mucosa, and hyperplastic epithelium, showed a residual G6PDH activity (RA) in oxygen that was always less than 20 per cent of the activity in the absence of oxygen. In adenomas and in dysplastic epithelia adjacent to carcinomas, the RA was significantly higher than that in normal epithelium, but significantly lower than that in adenocarcinomas. The RA of adenomas never exceeded 35 per cent. The RA of adenocarcinomas was on average 53 per cent and always higher than 20 per cent. When 35 per cent was used as a cut-off level, the sensitivity of RA to diagnose malignancy was 96.5 per cent. In a parallel study, a mouse model was used in which colon carcinomas and their precursors were induced chemically. Development of oxygen insensitivity during chemically induced carcinogenesis showed a pattern similar to that observed in the human. In conclusion, the test to determine RA is a useful tool for the detection of malignant mucosa in the colon. The test is particularly helpful in addition to histopathology for the detection of small lesions and the early stages of cancer.     

A portable blood gas analyzer for equine venous blood

Evaluation of a portable blood gas analyzer, (StatPal II, Unifet, Inc, La Jolla, CA) was performed using tonometered solutions and equine blood. Samples were analyzed by the StatPal II and either an Instrument Laboratory IL1306 (Lexington, MA) or a Radiometer ABL50 blood gas analyzer (Radiometer America Inc., Westlake, OH). Comparison of the StatPal II and the IL1306 was done by analysis of 3 tonometered solutions (acidic, normal, and alkalotic) and 27 equine venous blood samples. Blood pH, PCO2, PO2, and [HCO3] values were altered by IV infusion of 5% sodium bicarbonate or exercising the horses on a treadmill. Comparison of the StatPal II and the Radiometer was performed by analysis of 78 blood samples collected from Standardbred horses before a race. Data were analyzed for the venous blood samples using a paired two-tailed Student's t test and Bland-Altman plots, with significance set at P < .05. The coefficients of variation for pH, Pco2, Po2, and [HCO3-] values of the tonometered solutions analyzed by the StatPal II ranged from 0.067% to 0.087%, 2% to 3.21%, 1.21% to 2.67%, and 0.267% to 0.828%, respectively. Comparison of the equine blood samples analyzed by the StatPal II and the IL1306 demonstrated statistically significant, but clinically irrelevant differences in pH, Pco2, and Po2, but not [HCO3-]. There were statistically significant, but clinically irrelevant differences between the StatPal II and the Radiometer for pH, Pco2, and [HCO3-], but not for Po2. It is concluded that the StatPal II provides reproducible and acceptable analysis of equine venous blood gas samples.     

Cardiac valve replacement in the first 21 years of life

From 1969 through 1974, 25 patients under age 21 years had prosthetic cardiac vlave replacement at the Emory University Hospital. Twenty-nine valves were replaced in this group. Patients ranged in age from 2 to 21 years, with a mean of 14 years. Concomitant correction of associated cardiac lesions was required in 14 (56%). Five (21%) had had prior open valvuoplastic procedures. Operative mortality for the entire group was 12%, with an additional late mortality of 8%. There have been no early or late deaths in the last three years' experience. Best results are obtained when early correction of isolated valvular lesions is done as soon as clinical deterioration on vigorous medical management is recognized. The presence of multiple intrcardiac lesions or prior valve surgery does not preclude excellent results. Current indications for surgical correction and follow-up management are presented.