Air flow through a non-airconditioned bus with open windows

Open window buses without air-conditioning are a major mode of urban and inter-city transport in most countries. High occupancy combined with hot and humid conditions makes travel in these buses quite uncomfortable. In this study air flow through a bus has been studied that could be the basis for low cost and eco-friendly methods of increasing passenger comfort and possibly reduce drag. The aerodynamics of such a road vehicle has not been studied as previous investigations have been confined to vehicles with closed windows that present a smooth exterior to air flow. Using a 1:25 scaled Perspex model of an urban bus in Delhi, flow visualization was performed in a water channel. The Reynolds numbers were one-tenth of a real bus moving at 10 m/s. Smoke and tuft visualizations were also performed on an urban bus at 40 km/h. Numerical simulations were performed at the actual Reynolds number. Even though there were Reynolds number differences, the broad features were similar. Air enters the bus from the rear windows, moves to the front (relative to the bus) and exits from the front windows. Inside air velocity relative to the bus is about one-tenth of the free-stream velocity. The flow is highly three-dimensional and unsteady.     

Unsteady heat transfer in a system of three coaxial finite cylinders

An integral transformation with the aid of which a solution of the problem of unsteady-state heat transfer in a system of three coaxial finite cylinders with different boundary conditions on their surfaces depending on space and time is presented. Each of the cylinders evolves heat of a certain intensity, depending on time and coordinates. A numerical solution of one variant of the boundary conditions is given and illustrated by figures. The method of transforming the solution of the problem with other boundary conditions is shown. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 140–148, January–February, 2007.     

Problem on estimation of the content of <Superscript>131</Superscript>I in milk in the “iodine” period of the Chernobyl accident

Measurements of the beta-activity of milk, serving as the main source of information on the radioactive contamination of the environment by the iodine isotope ¹³¹I, carried out on a DP-100 radiometer in the early post-Chernobyl period (1986) in Belarus, have been mathematically simulated. The results obtained allow the conclusion that the indicated measurements should be analyzed again with consideration for all of the nuclides present in milk. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 102–108, November–December, 2007.     

Realization of high pressures and temperatures in the gas phase of a bubble liquid flowing through a nozzle

A steady flow of a bubble gas-liquid mixture in a nozzle having a circular cross section has been investigated. The possibility of realization of superhigh temperatures and pressures in the gas phase of the mixture in the region near the smallest cross section of the nozzle has been analyzed. The influence of the initial radius of the flow and the volume content of bubbles, determining the volumetric rate of flow of the liquid supplied to the nozzle, on the pattern of the flow has been considered. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 134–137, November–December, 2007.     

Measurement of viscoplastic properties of a liquid in experiments with a torsion viscosimeter

The results of a numerical solution of the problem of vibrations of a torsion viscosimeter filled with an incompressible viscoplastic liquid are presented. It has been shown that in the vicinity of the rotation axis there appears a dead zone, whose boundary changes in the process of vibrations. The influence of plastic properties of the liquid on the characteristics of viscosimeter vibrations has been determined. A method for identifying viscoplastic properties by the observed parameters of vibrations is proposed. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 124–127, January–February, 2007.     

The Griffith energy problem for brittle polymers

A number of problems concerning the Griffith criterion for brittle polymers have been considered. A general formula for the energy of deformation of a stressed sample with surface and internal cracks has been derived. This energy was calculated simultaneously for the plane and plane-deformed states of this sample. The commonly accepted view that the Griffith criterion determines a quasi-safe stress that differs markedly from the athermal-fracture criterion was verified. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 156–165, January–February, 2007.     

Turbulent flow of a chemically reactive gas suspension in a channel with a blow

The influence of the chemical reactions occurring in the gas phase of a gas suspension flowing in a channel with penetrable walls and the combustion of the condensed-impurity particles in this flow on its gasdynamic structure has been investigated. It is shown that the order of the system of equations defining a flow of a chemically reactive gas suspension with a homogeneous exothermic reaction proceeding at a definite rate and a heterogeneous combustion of the condensed-phase particles can be decreased if certain assumptions are mode. The distributions of the parameters of the gas and dispersed phases were calculated as functions of the rate of blow and the sizes of the particles. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 91–98, July–August, 2007.     

Calculation of radiation fluxes to the surface of a space vehicle with the aid of a discrete ordinates method

A method and results of numerical modeling of radiative heating of the back surface of the MSRO (Mars Sample Return Orbiter) space vehicle of the European Space Agency are presented. To determine radiation heat fluxes, the method of discrete ordinates on unstructured tetrahedral grids is used. The radiative model is based on the radiation-transfer equation in a multigroup approximation. Numerical calculation has been performed for the most thermally stressed point of the assumed trajectory of the entry of an MSRO-type space vehicle into the Mars atmosphere. A comparison with the discrete ordinates method on structured grids is made. Good agreement between the results of calculations on structured and unstructured grids is demonstrated. The level of radiation heat fluxes to the back surface of the MSRO space vehicle is predicted. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 71–78, March–April, 2007.     

Internal nonlinear four-mode interactions of capillary oscillations of a charged drop

Analytical expressions for the shape of a charged drop of an incompressible liquid nonlinearly oscillating upon multimode initial deformation have been obtained for the first time to within the third order of smallness. The second-order corrections to oscillation frequencies are calculated depending on the spectrum of modes determining the initial deformation. The third-order calculations show that the fundamental mode amplitude may increase due to the energy exchange with higher modes in a large number of possible four-mode resonance interactions.