Amorphous alumina coatings: processing, structure and remarkable barrier properties

Amorphous aluminium oxide coatings were processed by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD); their structural characteristics were determined as a function of the processing conditions, the process was modelled considering appropriate chemical kinetic schemes, and the properties of the obtained material were investigated and were correlated with the nanostructure of the coatings. With increasing processing temperature in the range 350 degrees C-700 degrees C, subatmospheric MOCVD of alumina from aluminium tri-isopropoxide (ATI) sequentially yields partially hydroxylated amorphous aluminium oxides, amorphous Al2O3 (415 degrees C-650 degrees C) and nanostructured gamma-Al2O3 films. A numerical model for the process allowed reproducing the non uniformity of deposition rate along the substrate zone due to the depletion of ATI. The hardness of the coatings prepared at 350 degrees C, 480 degrees C and 700 degrees C is 6 GPa, 11 GPa and 1 GPa, respectively. Scratch tests on films grown on TA6V titanium alloy reveal adhesive and cohesive failures for the amorphous and nanocrystalline ones, respectively. Alumina coating processed at 480 degrees C on TA6V yielded zero weight gain after oxidation at 600 degrees C in lab air. The surface of such low temperature processed amorphous films is hydrophobic (water contact angle 106 degrees), while the high temperature processed nanocrystalline films are hydrophilic (48 degrees at a deposition temperature of 700 degrees C). It is concluded that amorphous Al2O3 coatings can be used as oxidation and corrosion barriers at ambient or moderate temperature. Nanostructured with Pt or Ag nanoparticles, they can also provide anti-fouling or catalytic surfaces.     

Nanocomposite bulk of mechanically milled Al-Pb samples consolidated pore-free by the high-energy rate forming technique

It is shown that pore-free bulk samples were produced by the high-energy rate forming axis-symmetrical powder compaction method for different application purposes in case of the very different, immiscible Al and Pb metal pair. The starting Al-Pb nanocomposites were made by mechanical milling of atomized Al and Pb powders either in a SPEX 9000 or a Fritsch Pulverisette 4 mill. Due to the conditions that milling was carried out in air, the PbO layer, originally existing at the surface of the atomized Pb powder, ruptured and was also dispersed in the composite. The presence of the nano PbO particles was proven by XRD and TEM (BF, DF, SAED). When the energy of milling was high, the PbO crystallites became so small that they could hardly be seen by XRD technique. Local distribution of the PbO nanoparticles was still visible in a TEM, using the process diffraction method. Both XRD and SAED proved to be useful for the evaluation of the results of the milling process and compaction.     

和睦桥流域同位素示踪剂划分事件水的试验研究

流量过程线的划分结果对流域滞时分析、降雨径流关系确定和坡地汇流计算影响很大。以和睦桥小流域为例,基于该区域2015~2016年4场降雨资料,运用同位素方法对流域的流量过程线进行划分,探究降水总量和平均雨强对事件水贡献比例的影响。结果表明,事件前水占总流量的百分比例很大(67.9%~98.3%),肯定了事件前水的重要性;总降水量和降雨强度与事件前水占总流量的百分比例均呈负相关,这主要与流域所处地理位置的气候条件和下垫面前期土壤含水量有关;不同雨型主要通过降雨事件过程中的蒸发作用来影响事件前水的贡献比例,而相同雨型的降雨事件可能与前期土壤含水量有关。     

黄土高原典型流域网格化逐时降水融合产品CMPA V1.0的精度分析

选取黄土高原无定河、窟野河和皇甫川流域为研究区,从水文应用角度评估了中国自动站与CMORPH融合的逐时降水产品(CMPA V1.0)的精度。结果表明,CMPA V1.0降雨数据总体上较雨量站实测值偏低;与6、9月相比,8月降水产品精度较低。随降水量级的增加,CMPA V1.0对降水事件发生频次的监测能力和对降水事件监测的稳定性有所降低,误报率整体升高;CMPA V1.0低估了小雨的发生频率及降水贡献率,高估了雨强大于2.5mm/h降雨的发生频率及降水贡献率;CMPA V1.0能合理地反映研究区降水的日变化过程,但低估了研究区的时段平均降水量和时段平均降水频率,高估了研究区14:00前的时段平均降水强度。     

引调水PPP项目风险分担的区间模糊Shapley值方法

为协调引调水PPP项目风险分担,针对引调水工程特性,系统分析影响风险分担因子,并运用层次分析法和群组决策特征根法(AHP-GEM)对其进行赋权;然后在构造风险损失模糊函数的基础上,运用区间模糊Shapley值法对引调水PPP项目进行初始风险分担;最后结合风险分担影响因子对初始风险分担值进行修正,提出引调水PPP项目风险分担算法。案例分析表明,修正后的风险分担方案有效克服了人的有限预估风险水平及风险损失的波动性,且权衡了各参与方实际风险承担能力,更与实际相符。     

防控支流库湾水华的三峡水库潮汐式生态调度可行性研究

三峡水库支流水华问题已成为影响库区生态和民生的重要问题,迫切需要采取有效防控措施。因三峡水库上游流域面积大,流域污染防治工作只能作为长期目标,生态调度可能是目前见效较快,最易接受的水华防控方法。通过总结防控支流库湾水华的生态调度研究进展,重点阐明了潮汐式生态调度对支流库湾水华的防控机理及效果。研究表明,水体分层是支流库湾水华发生的主要诱因;在支流库湾分层异重流背景下,潮汐式生态调度能够通过打破支流库湾水体分层,减小支流库湾水体滞留时间等方式抑制藻类水华;三峡水库调度试验表明,潮汐式生态调度不仅可有效缓解支流水华暴发强度,还能在常规调度的基础上增大三峡水库的综合效益,具有可行性,可作为三峡水库调度的定性指导方法。     

气候变化和人类活动干扰下万泉河流域水文情势变化特征分析

由于气候变化和人类活动的共同作用,众多河流的水文情势发生改变,因此分析环境变化的河流水文情势影响机理对河流保护有重要意义。基于万泉河加报站1957～2014年的日流量资料,通过Mann-Kendall和累积距平法诊断径流序列的突变点,将水文序列划分为两个时间序列,采用水文变化指标法(IHA)、变化范围法(RVA)和直方图匹配法(HMA)分析万泉河水文情势的改变度。结果表明,年径流序列1990年发生突变;变异后,径流特性发生改变,逆转次数显著增加,增幅为28.81%,RVA法的水文改变度DR值为89.85%,发生了高度变异,HMA法的水文改变度DH值为66.34%,表现为中度变异,会对生态系统稳定性带来威胁;流域内热带雨林破坏加剧,植被结构改变是导致河流水文情势变化的重要原因。研究结果可为水资源管理和生态保护提供参考。     

复杂地质条件下拱坝坝肩滑动块体稳定性地质力学模型试验

拱坝坝肩岩体在断层、裂隙、层间剪切带等地质缺陷的作用下形成了不同规模的滑动块体,从而削弱了坝肩岩体的完整性,降低了坝肩岩体的承载能力,影响坝肩的稳定安全。为了分析坝肩滑动块体稳定性,以立洲拱坝工程为例,采用地质力学模型试验,分析两坝肩的地质构造及主要软弱结构面的产状发现,两坝肩存在四种潜在的滑动块体。在此基础上,通过地质力学模型超载法对坝肩岩体进行破坏试验,得到了滑动块体的失稳破坏机理、破坏形态及影响滑动块体稳定的控制因素,为解决类似工程问题提供了参考。     

布谷鸟搜索算法在梯级水库优化调度中的应用

针对梯级水库优化调度在求解时易出现维数灾及计算时间过长等问题,将布谷鸟搜索算法用于梯级水库优化调度问题求解。实例计算表明,应用布谷鸟搜索算法求解梯级水库优化调度问题时,不但能对水库优化调度模型进行有效求解,还能节约计算用时,为求解高维梯级水库优化调度提供了新的思路。     

LY混合水电站群集控运行中的利益分配及组织形式选择

针对福建省LY区域集控中心混合水电站群(即3个流域的5座电站)集控运行时不同经营单位的利益分配及组织形式选择问题,提出了利益分配原则及利益分配类型,给出了各经营单位的利益分配计算方法。在分析3家公司4种组织模式的基础上,引入博弈论中的区间二元语义评价方法,提出了决策方式的选择及实施步骤,进而指出组织方式优先顺序为组建股份制公司委托管理模式收购模式流域管理委员会模式,这说明股份制公司为LY混合水电站群集控运行中的最佳组织形式,亦最有利于不同经营单位的利益分配。