Study on the influence of three-grid assembly thermal deformation on breakdown times and an ion extraction process

In order to study the influence of three-grid assembly thermal deformation caused by heat accumulation on breakdown times and an ion extraction process,a hot gap test and a breakdown time test are carried out to obtain thermal deformation of the grids when the thruster is in 5 k W operation mode.Meanwhile,the fluid simulation method and particle-in-cell-Monte Carlo collision(PICMCC) method are adopted to simulate the ion extraction process according to the previous test results.The numerical calculation results are verified by the ion thruster performance test.The results show that after about 1.2 h operation,the hot gap between the screen grid and the accelerator grid reduce to 0.25–0.3 mm,while the hot gap between the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid increase from 1 mm to about 1.4 mm when the grids reach thermal equilibrium,and the hot gap is almost unchanged.In addition,the breakdown times experiment shows that 0.26 mm is the minimal safe hot gap for the grid assembly as the breakdown times improves significantly when the gap is smaller than this value.Fluid simulation results show that the plasma density of the screen grid is in the range 6?×10~(17)–6?×?10~(18) m~(13) and displays a parabolic characteristic,while the electron temperature gradually increases along the axial direction.The PIC-MCC results show that the current falling of an ion beam through a single aperture is significant.Meanwhile,the intercepted current of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid both increase with the change in the hot gap.The ion beam current has optimal perveance status without thermal deformation,and the intercepted current of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid are 3.65 m A and 6.26 m A,respectively.Furthermore,under the effect of thermal deformation,the ion beam current has over-perveance status,and the intercepted current of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid are 10.46 m A and 18.24 m A,respectively.Performance test results indicate that the breakdown times increase obviously.The intercepted current of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid increases to 13 m A and 16.5 m A,respectively,due to the change in the hot gap after 1.5 h operation.The numerical calculation results are well consistent with performance test results,and the error comes mainly from the test uncertainty of the hot gap.     

地下水电站廊道引风通风方案的理论计算与数值分析

在地下水电站能源消耗过程中,通风系统能耗占比较大。利用土壤蓄冷蓄热通过地下廊道对室外进风进行降温、加热处理的方法,在水电站通风方案中经常被采用。以东庄水电站为例,对采用廊道引风的通风方案进行系统的理论计算与数值分析。结果表明,地下水电站的进风廊道壁温具有稳定性,通过充分利用土壤的蓄冷蓄热能力,送风系统可为电站厂房提供舒适的工作环境。利用廊道进风的系统简单、节能投资低,有很好的经济效益和社会效益。计算与分析结果可为下一步东庄水电站坝体廊道通风效果的模拟提供依据。     

南方地区低压管道输水灌溉工程技术应用适宜性评价

在实地调查基础上,找出影响低压管道输水灌溉工程技术推广应用的主要因素,提出了南方地区农田低压管道输水灌溉工程技术适宜性评价体系,建立了层次分析与模糊评价法相结合的综合评价模型。以某市为例进行评价,结果证明其评价体系、模型和评价结果是合理的。更多还原     

The effect of bubble plume on oxygen transfer for moving bed biofilm reactor

The movement of the bubble plume plays an important role in the operation of a moving bed biofilm reactor （MBBR）, and it directly affects the contact and the mixture of the gas-liquid-solid phases in the aeration tank and also the oxygen transfer from the gas phase to the liquid phase. In this study, the velocity field is determined by a 4-frame PTV as well as the time-averaged and timedependent velocity distributions. The velocity distribution of the bubble plume is analyzed to evaluate the operating efficiency of the MBBR. The results show that the aeration rate is one of the main factors that sway the velocity distribution of the bubble plumes and affect the operating efficiency of the reactor.     

桃品质的无损检测技术研究进展

桃果实营养物质丰富,是消费者青睐的水果之一。但桃在生长、采摘和贮藏过程中易受到损害而导致品质下降,严重影响桃的经济价值,因此桃品质检测技术对于保障果实商业价值具有至关重要的作用。传统的检测方法具有耗时长、成本高、对样品有破坏性等缺点,而基于声学特性、力学特性、介电特性、光学特性和电子鼻的无损检测方法,特别是基于光学特性的检测方法,因其无损、快速、准确的优势而发展迅速,目前在桃果实内外部品质检测中得到广泛的应用,然而目前对其优缺点及今后的发展方向缺乏系统总结。本文综述应用上述无损检测技术,尤其是基于光学特性和电子鼻的无损检测方法,评估桃果实外部品质（大小、形状、色泽、香气、表面缺陷）和内部品质（品种、糖度、可滴定酸含量、硬度、冷害、虫害等）的最新研究进展,总结分析了其在桃品质检测中存在的问题,并对桃品质无损检测研究方向进行展望,以期为桃品质无损检测技术的研究提供参考。     

高大空间辐射板导流送风的气流组织特性研究

根据贴附射流原理,本文提出一种为高大空间营造局部贴附射流条件的辐射板导流送风的方式,研究目的是在减小送风速度的条件下,使射流达到规定射程从而尽可能在降低空调能耗的情况下提高空调区的舒适性.为了说明该送风方式的优势,本文选取高大空间常用的侧墙圆喷口送风方式作为比较对象,通过对气流组织分析发现:在总送风量,送风温度相同时,...     

以海南省琼台大道工程为例分析山区市政道路设计要点

以海南省琼台大道工程设计为例,提出位于山区市政道路总体设计和路基设计要点。对于建设用地段,为保证非机动车行驶舒适,纵坡按非机动车道最大纵坡2.5%控制;对于农业用地段,主线坡度按机动车道5%控制;服务于农业交通的辅道按非机动车道最大纵坡2.5%控制。山区市政道路路基设计可分为高填路堤、陡坡路堤、低填浅挖路基、填挖交界路基、软土路基、桥涵台背路基等6种类型。所总结的经验以期供类似工程借鉴。     

煤焦油重组分加氢技术现状及研究趋势探讨

为了解决固定床加氢技术难以加工沥青质、金属以及N、S等杂原子含量高的煤焦油重组分的问题,对可适用于煤焦油重馏分或全馏分加工的沸腾床加氢及悬浮床加氢技术的研究进展、技术特点及工业应用情况进行了系统阐述,并对煤焦油重组分加氢技术研究趋势进行了探讨,认为悬浮床加氢预处理-固定床加氢联合工艺的优化、悬浮床加氢廉价高效催化剂的研究、煤焦油与煤或渣油共加工工艺的开发及产品的高附加值利用将成为煤焦油重组分加氢技术未来研究开发的重点。     

如何选择门禁系统品牌

随着科技与社会的进步与发展，门禁系统在智能建筑中的必要性及重要性也日益增强。鉴于门禁系统更具备使用直观性、施工复杂程度相对较高等特点，无论对于使用单位，还是实施单位来说，如何选择品牌成为门禁系统应用成败的关键所在。     

语言的功能与陷阱——在复旦大学“文史讲堂”的演讲

语言的头几个功能大家都知道。一是表达的功能;二是交流的功能,是一种交际的手段;三是记忆的功能,历史最终是靠语言记载下来的(当然也有物质的负载,但文物如果没有语言,它就不能成为历史)。这些我都不讲了,我从第四个功能开始讲。语言的第四个功能是它还有一种发展、构建、延伸、自我审视、自我检验和调整的功能。我杜撰了一个词,叫做种树定律。什么意思呢?语言是人造出来的,就好比人种了一棵树,这棵树自己会生长,它会遮蔽这个人,会帮助这个