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甲醇合成催化剂保护剂实现国产化　　甲醇合成催化剂保护剂能有效地脱除原料气中羰基铁、镍 ,延长甲醇合成催化剂寿命 ,降低粗甲醇中的杂质含量 ,具有精脱硫和脱除羰基铁、镍的双重功能。由齐鲁石化公司研究院研制开发的ＱＸＪ- 0 1和ＱＭＧ - 0 1甲醇合成催化剂保护剂分别于 2 0 0 0年和 2 0 0 1年在齐鲁石化第二化肥厂1 0万ｔ/ａ甲醇上实现国产化 ,综合性能分别达到德国南方化学公司的Ｋ30 6和丹麦托普索公司的ＭＧ90 1水平。(王冬梅　周广林 )轴径向变换反应器实现国产化　　轴径向变换反应器由瑞士卡萨尔公司首先实现工业化 ,在中国已有…     

髋关节整体替代陶瓷材料

许多材料在医学领域应用广泛,例如,整体替换硬组织或软组织的元件(如骨盆、骨头、关节、植牙等)、修补、诊断或矫正仪器(如起搏器、心脏阀等)。这些材料不仅要有好的力学性能,还要保持长期稳定,不能与人体相排斥。由于陶瓷材料在生理环境中具有强度高、生物相容性强和稳定性好的优点,人们研究用陶瓷材料替换骨骼。从20 世纪70 年代起,欧洲人用陶瓷组件置换整个髋关节。这些组件主要由氧化铝和氧化锆单体制成。然而,在有水环境中,氧化锆会发生低温降解。目前人们的研究重点在于提高陶瓷组件的强度和耐磨性,同时缩小其尺寸并延长其使用寿命。研究中使用的材料是氧化锆增韧的氧化铝复合陶瓷和其它氧化铝复合陶瓷,不再是单体陶瓷。另外,还可以使用氧化铝和氧化锆功能梯度复合材料。该梯度材料可以利用电泳沉积法(EPD)制得,其表面为纯氧化铝,中心部分为均匀的氧化铝、氧化锆复合材料,中间过渡部分是呈连续梯度渐变的氧化铝、氧化锆复合材料,烧成后会产生剩余热应力。设计这样的梯度结构是为了使复合材料具有最大表面压应力和最小内部张应力,与纯氧化铝组件相比,提高了强度和耐磨性。     

Degradation of Leaf Litter Phenolics by Aquatic and Terrestrial Isopods

To investigate species-specific decomposition rates of litter from native (Quercus faginea) and introduced (Eucalyptus globulus) tree species in Portugal, we monitored changes in the phenolic signature of leaf litter during decomposition as mediated by an aquatic, Proasellus coxalis (Isopoda: Asellota), and two terrestrial, Porcellio dispar and Eluma caelatum (Isopoda: Oniscidea), detritivores. Although the litter of Eucalyptus and Quercus did not differ in overall protein precipitation capacity, we detected differences in terms of contents of particular phenolic compounds and phenol oxidation products. Accordingly, we observed food-specific consumption rates in Proasellus, but not in the terrestrial isopods. Proasellus digested Eucalyptus at significantly higher rates than Quercus, whereas the opposite was the case for Eluma, and Porcellio digested both litter types equally well. Despite slight differences in detail, effects of Proasellus on changes in the signature of litter phenolics were similar for both litter types, whereas terrestrial isopods—Porcellio and Eluma, although they differed from each other—digestively degraded phenolic compounds in Eucalyptus and Quercus litter, respectively, in different ways. Overall, however, degradation of litter phenolics was similarly effective on both litter types. From these data, we conclude that decomposition of Eucalyptus litter does not proceed more slowly than of litter from native Portuguese trees.     

橡胶增塑剂迁移行为及表征技术研究进展

对橡胶增塑剂迁移行为和影响因素,迁移数学模型及迁移物定性、定量表征技术进行了综述。指出通过利用多种表征技术,开发新的表征方法,对橡胶增塑剂迁移机理进行研究,并最终建立起更高效、准确、便捷的增塑剂迁移模型和分析方法将是该领域的研究方向。     

卡塔尔二氯乙烷(EDC)新建计划

１９９９年１２月１６日,卡塔尔乙烯公司（ＱＶＣ）就二氯乙烷综合生产厂建设项目（４．７５亿美元贷款）正式签订协议。在ＢａｎｑｕｅＰａｒｉｂａｓ、阿拉伯石油投资公司（Ａｐｉｃｏｒｐ）和ＣｒｅｄｉｔＳｕｉｓｓｅＦｉｒｓｔＢｏｓｔｏｎ的安排下,这一项为期１２年货款将部分支持ＱＶＣ计划在Ｍｅｓａｉｅｅｄ的６．５亿美元二氯乙烷综合厂的建设。这一贷款协议的签订为项目的工程建设、完成及建设合同的执行铺平了道路。该项目已于６月被乌德（Ｋｒｕｐｐｕｅｈｄｅ）与技术石油（Ｔｅｃｈｎｉｐｅｔｒｏｌ）的德／意集团公司以４…     

纳爱斯年产40万t洗涤用品系列技改项目启动

继年产１２万ｔ洗衣粉项目建成投产后 ,纳爱斯年产４０万ｔ洗涤用品系列技改项目已获浙江省计经委、浙江省重点建设领导小组批准 ,列入省重点建设项目。整个系列项目计划总投资３ ８亿元（其中用外汇９７０万美元） ,３年时间完成。系列技改项目包括引进中性油脂连续皂化及１０万ｔ／ａ透明皂自动包装机技改项目、３０万ｔ／ａ液洗系列产品配制技术改造项目 ,以及其配套引进３０万ｔ／ａ液洗系列产品自动灌包装线和塑制品成型线技术改造项目等。该系列项目建成投产后 ,可新增销售收入２６ ５亿元 ,利税２ ６６亿元。纳爱斯年产40万t洗涤用品…     

Sources of enterococci in Idiazábal-type cheese

Enterococci are a ubiquitous group and are natural constituents of the intestinal flora of nearly all animals and humans and can reach high levels in a variety of farmhouse cheeses. The purpose of this study was to determine the origin of the different enterococcal strains present in cheeses at different stages of ripening by typing the enterococci isolated from the raw milk, the cheeses, the cheesemaking environment, and from the faecal matter of the ewes and humans associated with cheese production. The potential presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) at all stages of the process and in the cheeses was also considered. The study was carried out at two separate cheesemaking dairy plants, and samples of the ewes' faeces, the shepherds' and cheesemakers' stools, teat cups, vat, brine, holding tank milk, vat milk, and the cheeses after brining and after 1, 15, and 60 days of ripening were collected. Cheesemaking procedures at the two plants were similar, yet the enterococcal levels and species observed differed at all the sample collection points, though E. faecalis predominated in all the milk and cheese samples. The traceability study performed for the species E. faecalis present at all the sample collection points suggested that the cheesemaker and the cheesemaking equipment were the source of the enterococci in the cheeses, though other possible non-faecal sources remain to be determined. VanC1 and vanC2/C3 enterococcal strains were isolated from the ovine faeces, teat cup, brine, and vat samples at cheesemaking dairy plant A, while only two vanC2/C3 strains were isolated from ovine faeces samples at dairy plant B. No VRE strains were detected in any of the milk or cheese samples.     

Analysis of bacterial community during the fermentation of pulque, a traditional Mexican alcoholic beverage, using a polyphasic approach

In this study, the characterization of the bacterial community present during the fermentation of pulque, a traditional Mexican alcoholic beverage from maguey (Agave), was determined for the first time by a polyphasic approach in which both culture and non-culture dependent methods were utilized. The work included the isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), aerobic mesophiles, and 16S rDNA clone libraries from total DNA extracted from the maguey sap (aguamiel) used as substrate, after inoculation with a sample of previously produced pulque and followed by 6-h fermentation. Microbiological diversity results were correlated with fermentation process parameters such as sucrose, glucose, fructose and fermentation product concentrations. In addition, medium rheological behavior analysis and scanning electron microscopy in aguamiel and during pulque fermentation were also performed. Our results showed that both culture and non-culture dependent approaches allowed the detection of several new and previously reported species within the alpha-, gamma-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Bacteria diversity in aguamiel was composed by the heterofermentative Leuconostoc citreum, L. mesenteroides, L. kimchi, the gamma-Proteobacteria Erwinia rhapontici, Enterobacter spp. and Acinetobacter radioresistens. Inoculation with previously fermented pulque incorporated to the system microbiota, homofermentative lactobacilli related to Lactobacillus acidophilus, several alpha-Proteobacteria such as Zymomonas mobilis and Acetobacter malorum, other gamma-Proteobacteria and an important amount of yeasts, creating a starting metabolic diversity composed by homofermentative and heterofermentative LAB, acetic and ethanol producing microorganisms. At the end of the fermentation process, the bacterial diversity was mainly composed by the homofermentative Lactobacillus acidophilus, the heterofermentative L. mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and the alpha-Proteobacteria A. malorum. After a 6-h fermentation, 83.27% of total sugars detected after inoculation were consumed (228.4 mM hexose equivalents) and a carbon (C) recovery of 66.18% in fermentation products was estimated. They were produced 284.4 mM C as ethanol, 71.5 mM C as acetic acid and 19 mM C as lactic acid, demonstrating the presence of homo- and heterofermentative, acetic and alcoholic metabolisms in the final product. It was also found, after hydrolysis, that the exopolysaccharide produced during the fermentation was mainly composed by fructose residues, probably inulin or levan.     

Effect of environmental factors and cell physiological state on Pulsed Electric Fields resistance and repair capacity of various strains of Escherichia coli

The aim was to determine the resistance variation of four strains of Escherichia coli to Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF), the role of the sigma factor RpoS in PEF resistance, as well as the influence of several environmental factors and the cell physiological state on the PEF resistance and repair capacity. The rpoS null mutant, E. coli BJ4L1, exhibited decreased PEF resistance as compared with its wild-type parent, BJ4. W3110 and O157:H7 were the most PEF-resistant strains: whereas 2 and more than 3 Log10 cycles of BJ4 and BJ4L1 cells, respectively, were inactivated after 50 pulses at 35 kV/cm, only 0.5 Log10 cycle of inactivation of W3110 and O157:H7 was attained. A different pattern was observed and the resistance variation among strains was largely reduced, when selective recovery media were used. At exponential growth phase, the resistance of the four strains was lower, and more than 4 Log10 cycles of inactivation of all strains tested were attained at 30 kV/cm. Previous heat and cold shock treatments scarcely influenced cell PEF resistance. PEF survival increased with the reduction in water activity of the treatment medium to 0.94: the occurrence of sublethally injured cells was negligible, and less than 1 Log10 cycle of inactivation was attained at 35 kV/cm. PEF-treated cells were sensitive to a subsequent storage at pH 4.0 or in the presence of sorbic acid, attaining a final inactivation of 4-5 Log10 cycles after 24 hour-incubation. In conclusion, the work confirms the role of rpoS in PEF resistance. E. coli strains exhibit large differences in PEF resistance. These differences were less important when cells were recovered under selective conditions. Both resistance variation among strains and occurrence of sublethal damage were noticeably influenced by the environmental factors tested.     

玛湖凹陷风城组碱湖烃源岩生烃机理及资源量新认识

碱湖烃源岩的生烃特征和机理是学科研究的前缘与难点。以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组为例,采用烃源岩人工剖面、自然剖面、油气特征标定相结合的方法,对这套碱湖烃源岩的生烃特征和机理进行了研究,并据此重新计算了资源量。结果表明,风城组碱湖烃源岩的生烃特征突出表现为转化率高、连续生烃、多期高峰、生油窗长、油质轻、油多气少,不同于传统的湖相优质烃源岩。这种独特的生烃机理在于烃源岩的有机和无机组成2方面。风城组碱湖烃源岩的生烃母质以菌、藻类为主,特别是菌类发育,因此生烃具有油多气少、转化率高、连续生烃、油质轻的特色;风城组的矿物组成独特性在于兼具发育碱类矿物和火山矿物,二者对生烃分别起延滞和催化作用,使得烃源岩可以早期生烃、持续生烃、多期高峰、生油窗长。基于这种特殊的生烃特征和机理,重新评估了研究区的资源量,生油量较前期认识提高了25%,生气量减少了13%,这更贴近于目前的勘探实际,对确定下步勘探开发方向具有重要意义。