Potential interference and rain attenuation at 21.4–22 GHz downlink broadcasting satellite signals

World Radio Conference WRC-1992 has allocated the frequency band 21.4–22.0?GHz to regions 1 and 3 to be utilised to carry direct broadcasting satellite (DBS) services. This high-frequency band is more susceptible to rain attenuation, leading to degradation of the signal quality. Moreover, this frequency band is assigned to two different services, i.e. satellite broadcasting and fixed mobile services at the same regions; hence, the impact of intersystem interference in a depredated signal is a critical issue in the DBS receiver. In this study, the effects of rain attenuation on the DBS downlink signals as well as the impact of the potential interference on the reception quality will be estimated. An interference scenario will be introduced to investigate the system performance in both propagation mechanisms of clear-sky and rain conditions.     

Approximated Fractional-Order Inverse Chebyshev Lowpass Filters

In this paper we use a least-squares fitting routine to approximate the stopband ripple characteristics of fractional-order inverse Chebyshev lowpass filters which have fractional-order zeros and poles. MATLAB simulations of \((1+\alpha )\)-order lowpass filters with fractional steps from \(\alpha =0.1\) to \(\alpha =0.9\) are given as examples. SPICE simulations of 1.2-, 1.5-, and 1.8-order lowpass filters and experimental results of a 1.5-order filter using approximated fractional-order capacitors in a Multiple-Input Biquad circuit validate the implementation of these circuits.     

Transmit antenna selection of correlated MIMO multiuser cognitive radio networks in Nakagami‐m fading channels

In this paper, we examine the impact of antenna correlation on transmit antenna selection with receive maximal ratio combining (TAS/MRC) in multiple‐input multiple‐output multiuser underlay cognitive radio network (MIMO‐MCN) over a Nakagami‐m fading environment. The secondary network under consideration consists of a single source and M destinations equipped with multiple correlated antennas at each node. The primary network composed of L primary users, each of which is equipped with multiple correlated antennas. For the considered underlay spectrum sharing paradigm, the transmission power of the proposed secondary system is limited by the peak interference limit on the primary network and the maximum transmission power at the secondary network. In particular, we derive exact closed‐form expressions for the outage probability and average symbol error rate of the proposed secondary system. To gain further insights, simple asymptotic closed‐form expressions for the outage probability and symbol error rate are provided to obtain the achievable diversity order and coding gain of the system. In addition, the impact of antenna correlation on the secondary user ergodic capacity has been investigated by deriving closed‐form expressions for the secondary user capacity. The derived analytical formulas herein are supported by numerical and simulation results to clarify the main contributions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparative physical and electrical metrology of ultrathin oxidesin the 6 to 1.5 nm regime

In this work, five methods for measuring the thickness of ultra-thin gate oxide layers in MOS structures were compared experimentally on n⁺ poly-SiO₂-p-Si structures. Three methods are based on electrical capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) data and the other two methods are HRTEM and optical measurement. MOS capacitors with oxide thickness in the range 17-55 Å have been used in this study. We found that thickness extracted using QM C-V and HRTEM agree within 1.0 Å over the whole thickness range when a dielectric constant of 3.9 was used. Comparison between thickness extracted using quantum interference (QI) I-V technique and optical measurement were also within 1.0 Å for thickness 31-47 Å. However, optical oxide thickness was consistently lower than the TEM thickness by about 2 Å over the thickness range under consideration. Both optical measurement and QM C-V modeling yield the same thickness as the nominal oxide thickness increases (>50 Å)     

Information theoretic considerations for coded modulation overfading channels

We compute the random coding error exponent for coded modulation transmitted over a flat, memoryless, Rayleigh fading channel. In addition, estimates of code lengths required to achieve a certain error probability are determined and compared to those required for the additive white Gaussian noise channel. Finally, the effect of receiver antenna diversity is also considered as a method to compensate for fading and is shown to have a significant, positive impact on the error exponent. The results we obtain represent an information theoretic view that complements the existing literature on the performance of coded modulation over fading channels with receiver diversity     

Cons and pros: prison education through the eyes of the prison educated*

ABSTRACT

While much has been written within academic journals about prisoners, rarely is there anything written by prisoners. In this essay, we, a group of prisoners who are earning or have earned college degrees while incarcerated in Texas, address the purpose, merits, and pitfalls of prison education and reform. Written as a response to the essays appearing in this special issue, we discuss our experiences of being othered as inmates, the impact of societal bias against us, our perspectives on prison education, and our own ideas for reforming prisons and making them more humane.     

Capacity and interference statistics of highways W-CDMAcigar-shaped microcells (uplink analysis)

The capacity and the interference statistics of the sectors of the shaped W-CDMA cell are studied. A model of five cells is used to analyze the uplink. The cells are assumed to exist in rural zones. The capacity and the interference statistics of the cell are studied using a two-slope propagation model. The expected value and the variance of the interference are given for different propagation exponent     

Efficient Self‐Assembly Synthesis of Uniform CdS Spherical Nanoparticles‐Au Nanoparticles Hybrids with Enhanced Photoactivity

The treatment of environmental pollution has become one of the most critical issues in the world. Despite the progress made in the study of semiconductor photocatalysis, it is still a challenge to obtain photocatalysts with high activity through relatively simple fabrication processes. In this work, monodisperse CdS spherical nanoparticles (SNPs) of various sizes and good crystallinity are obtained by only adjusting the starting ratio of reactants and the reaction temperature, exhibiting high photocatalytic performances. The photocatalytic rate constant of the ≈ 100 nm CdS SNPs, especially, is more than double that of P25. Furthermore, 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane is used to assist the interaction between ≈ 200 nm CdS SNPs and citrate‐stabilized Au nanoparticles (NPs). The significant increase of photocatalytic activity is confirmed by the degradation of Rodamine B (RhB) under Xe light irradiation. At the optimal Au concentration (0.5 wt%), the prepared nanohybrids show the highest photocatalytic activity, exceeding that of pure CdS two times. The superior photocatalytic performances of the CdS SNPs‐Au nanohybrids can be attributed to the intimate interfacial contact between CdS SNPs and Au NPs, which is a contributing factor to the improvement of transfer and the fate of photogenerated charge carriers from CdS SNPs to Au NPs.     

Electrodeposited Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin film solar cell with 7% power conversion efficiency

High performance Cu₂ZnSnSe₄ (CZTSe) photovoltaic materials were synthesized by electrodeposition of metal stack precursors followed by selenization. A champion solar cell with 7.0% efficiency is demonstrated. This is the highest efficiency among all of the CZTSe solar cells prepared from electrodeposited metallic precursors reported to‐date. Device parameters are discussed from the perspective of material microstructure and composition in order to improve performance. In addition, a high performance electrodeposited CZTS (S only) solar cell was demonstrated and its device characteristics were compared against the CZTSe (Se only) cell. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry for the analysis of the chemical composition of the absorber layer, a higher concentration of oxygen in the electrodeposited absorber is thought to be the root cause of the lower performance of the electrodeposited CZTS or CZTSe solar cells with respect to a solar cell fabricated by evaporation. The grain boundary areas of Sn‐rich composition are thought to be responsible for the lower shunt resistance commonly observed in CZTSe devices. We measured the longest minority carrier lifetime of 18 ns among all reported kesterite devices. This work builds a good baseline for obtaining higher efficiency earth‐abundant solar cells, while it highlights electrodepositon as a low cost and feasible method for earth‐abundant thin film solar cell fabrication. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recursive least squares identification methods for multivariate pseudo-linear systems using the data filtering

This paper concerns the parameter identification methods of multivariate pseudo-linear autoregressive systems. A multivariate recursive generalized least squares algorithm is presented as a comparison. By using the data filtering technique, a multivariate pseudo-linear autoregressive system is transformed into a filtered system model and a filtered noise model, and a filtering based multivariate recursive generalized least squares algorithm is developed for estimating the parameters of these two models. The proposed algorithm achieves a higher computational efficiency than the multivariate recursive generalized least squares algorithm, and the simulation results prove that the proposed method is effective.