Quantification of aroma vapours sorbed in polyethene films using supercritical carbon dioxide

Extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was used to quantity the amounts of seven different aroma vapours sorbed in polyethene films. The method was found to completely extract all aroma compounds from the films. The solution of aroma compounds in the polymer films decreased with increasing polymer density. Monoterpenes were always completely sorbed in the films, whereas aldehydes and ketones had a much lower affinity for the films. The sulphur-containing compound, thiophene, was difficult to analyse due to its adsorption on metal surfaces.     

Crystal chemistry of γ-(Zn, Me)3(PO4)2 solid solutions

A number of γ-(Zn,$\text{Me}$)₃(PO₄)₂ solid solutions with the “γ-Zn₃(PO₄)₂” structure have been prepared and equilibrated at about 1070 K ($\text{Me}\text{= Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Cd}$). Approximate homogeneity ranges are given. The monoclinic unit cell dimensions have been accurately determined from Guinier-Hägg photographs. The structure contains five- and six-coordinated cations. Correlations between homogeneity ranges, unit cell dimensions, cation radii and cation distributions are pointed out, and the phases are also compared with isotypic (Mg,$\text{Me}$₃(PO₄)₂ and (Co,$\text{Me}$)₃(PO₄)₂ solid solutions.     

An approach to genetic transformation in the Xiphophorine fish

The paper describes the clinical and morphological features of a congenital neurological disease affecting two in-bred litter-mate kittens. The principal neurological features were ataxia and dysmetria. In one of the kittens light microscopy revealed widespread vacuolation of white and grey matter of the brain and spinal cord. Electron microscopy revealved intra-myelinic vacuolation and some expansion of the extracellular space. Neuronal, axonal and glial changes were not seen, nor was there evidence of myelin breakdown. The entity is compared with congenital brain oedema of calves and spongy degeneration of the CNS in man.     

Coke formation during cracking of hydrocarbons. I. The effect of pre-sulphiding on coke formation on a nickel-chromium-iron alloy under steam cracking conditions

Studies have been carried out on the effect of pre-sulphiding a nickel-chromium-iron alloy on coke formation under steam cracking conditions. Pre-sulphiding has no great effect on the gaseous product spectrum as long as some sulphur is present, but the coking rate is dependent on the amount of sulphur pre-deposited. Small amounts of sulphur reduce the coke formation, but the coking rate increases with increasing amounts of pre-deposited sulphur. As the sulphur content increases still further, coke formation passes through a maximum. A tentative explanation of these observations is advanced in terms of the effect of metal sulphides on the established mechanism of coke formation. Initial sulphiding is suggested to increase grain boundary penetration by coke and to result in the accumulation of iron sulphide on the surface. Eventually this may act to seal off grain boundaries, thereby inhibiting further coke formation.     

Visualization of vector fields using seed LIC and volume rendering

Line integral convolution (LIC) is a powerful texture-based technique for visualizing vector fields. Due to the high computational expense of generating 3D textures and the difficulties of effectively displaying the result, LIC has most commonly been used to depict vector fields in 2D or over a surface in 3D. We propose new methods for more effective volume visualization of three-dimensional vector fields using LIC: 1) we present a fast method for computing volume LIC textures that exploits the sparsity of the input texture. 2) We propose the use of a shading technique, called limb darkening, to reveal the depth relations among the field lines. The shading effect is obtained simply by using appropriate transfer functions and, therefore, avoids using expensive shading techniques. 3) We demonstrate how two-field visualization techniques can be used to enhance the visual information describing a vector field. The volume LIC textures are rendered using texture-based rendering techniques, which allows interactive exploration of a vector field.     

Ligand distributions in agarose particles as determined by confocal Raman spectroscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy

Confocal Raman spectroscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy have been used to analyze ligand distributions within individual chromatographic adsorbent particles. Three different types of particles have been investigated. The first type was synthesized to have a uniform distribution of allyl groups, whereas the two others were designed to have a surface layer of sulphopropyl groups and cores containing allyl groups and dextran, respectively. With confocal Raman spectroscopy it was possible to follow the distribution of both the surface layer and the interior. The distribution of sulphopropyl groups was evaluated with both confocal scanning laser microscopy and confocal Raman spectroscopy, whereas the distributions of allyl groups and dextran were evaluated only with the latter method. The results from the confocal measurements showed the expected result with a uniform distribution of allyl groups in the first type of particle and surface layers of sulphopropyl groups and cores with dextran or allyl groups for the two others.