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11.
An assessment view to evaluate whether Spatial Data Infrastructures meet their goals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
?ukasz Grus Watse Castelein Joep CrompvoetsTheo Overduin Bastiaan van Loenen Annemarie van GroenestijnAbbas Rajabifard Arnold K. Bregt 《Computers, Environment and Urban Systems》2011,35(3):217-229
The motives for constructing Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) are often based on their anticipated benefits for society, economy, and environment. According to those widely articulated but rarely proven benefits, SDI coordinators have been defining more specific objectives to be achieved by their SDIs. However, there is a limited number of assessment approaches that are able to demonstrate whether SDIs indeed realize the intended goals. In this article we develop, apply and evaluate an assessment view for evaluating the extent to which SDIs realize their goals. The assessment view has been developed stepwise using the Multi-view SDI assessment framework as a guideline. The application of the proposed view in the Dutch SDI demonstrates its potential. In addition, the evaluation of the proposed view by the potential users confirms to a certain extent its usability. The results also show that the ease of determining assessment indicators depends on the precision with which the SDI goals are formulated. 相似文献
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Jaarsma R Louwerse R Dijkstra A de Vries J Spaas JP 《Accident; analysis and prevention》2011,(4):1508-1515
For safety reasons a maximum speed limit of 60 km/h has been applied to minor rural roads in the Netherlands since 1998. To support this structurally, a part of these roads have also received additional physical measures in a so-called “low cost design” that is expected to reduce the number of traffic casualties by 10–20%. This measure has been implemented as much as possible in an area oriented way. To measure the design's effectivity, road safety in 20 specific rural areas was studied for 5 years before changes were implemented and, on average, 3.5 years thereafter. The study examined 851 km of roads, and a control study was done on 2105 km of comparable roads with a speed limit of 80 km/h. Both the study and the control roads are managed by water boards. Results show that the measures implemented on the roads in the 60 km/h-zones had statistically significant effects (p < 0.05) on casualty accidents (−24% overall), especially at intersections (−44%). This high reduction is probably caused by the concentration of technical interventions at intersections. Both outcomes are somewhat higher than previously expected and are comparable with the outcome of a meta-analysis of safety effects on area-wide urban traffic calming schemes. However, the cost-effectiveness ratio of the 60 km/h zones measures (€33,000 per prevented KSI-casualty) is much more favourable than the ratio in urban 30 km/h-zones (€86,000 per prevented KSI-casualty). 相似文献
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We investigated the optical properties and the degradation process of the organic p-type semiconductor poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) in the mid infrared region. The dielectric function of PTAA was determined in the spectral region of 700 up to 6000 cm−1 by modeling ellipsometric measurements. Due to degradation at 65 °C, PTAA thin films developed carbonyl and hydroxyl features in the infrared spectra. Degradation under 85% RH additionally led to absorption signals of water. A degradation of the bare gold substrates was also observed. For bare gold films, morphology changed upon degradation and adsorption of hydrocarbons from the ambience took place. 相似文献
15.
C. P. Louwerse 《Computers & Security》1984,3(4):286-294
Data protection aspects in a large, integrated Hospital Information System are described. A special feature in this case is the interaction between the operating system BOS and a large number of application subsystems. (Both system and application software has been developed in-house by BAZIS). Integration aspects are shown to contribute to data protection. The main topic in the present article is access control; however, several measures with regard to accuracy, consistency and availability of the information (data integrity) will also be mentioned. 相似文献
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An experimental test series, comprising 10 experiments with varying pool sizes, lining materials and amounts of liquid burning,
was conducted under free burn and room burn conditions. The thermal feedback from the enclosure (ISO 9705 Room Corner Test
facility) enhanced the burning rate of the pools and resulted in a thermal runaway in some of the runs. The onset of the thermal
runaway, which can be associated with flashover, varied with all the input parameters. The lining with the lowest thermal
inertia lead to the fastest increase in the heat release rate (HRR) in the enclosure and caused flashover in the shortest
time. Given the profound difference between the enclosure tests and the free burn tests and also between enclosure tests with
different linings, it is recommended to show great caution if free burn tests are to be used in design fire scenarios. 相似文献
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Antti Ojala Andreas Petersen Andreas Fuchs Robert Lovrincic Carl Pölking Jens Trollmann Jaehyung Hwang Christian Lennartz Helmut Reichelt Hans Wolfgang Höffken Annemarie Pucci Peter Erk Thomas Kirchartz Frank Würthner 《Advanced functional materials》2012,22(1):86-96
In this study the charge dissociation at the donor/acceptor heterointerface of thermally evaporated planar heterojunction merocyanine/C60 organic solar cells is investigated. Deposition of the donor material on a heated substrate as well as post‐annealing of the complete devices at temperatures above the glass transition temperature of the donor material results in a twofold increase of the fill factor. An analytical model employing an electric‐field‐dependent exciton dissociation mechanism reveals that geminate recombination is limiting the performance of as‐deposited cells. Fourier‐transform infrared ellipsometry shows that, at temperatures above the glass transition temperature of the donor material, the orientation of the dye molecules in the donor films undergoes changes upon annealing. Based on this finding, the influence of the dye molecules’ orientations on the charge‐transfer state energies is calculated by quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics methods. The results of these detailed studies provide new insight into the exciton dissociation process in organic photovoltaic devices, and thus valuable guidelines for designing new donor materials. 相似文献
20.
Yim CB van der Wildt B Dijkgraaf I Joosten L Eek A Versluis C Rijkers DT Boerman OC Liskamp RM 《Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology》2011,12(5):750-760
We report on the SSTR2-binding properties of a series of four dimeric [Tyr3]octreotate analogues with different spacer lengths (nine, 19, 41, and 57 atoms) between the peptides. Two analogues (9 and 57 atoms) were selected as precursors for the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of DOTA-conjugated dimeric [Tyr3]octreotate analogues for tumor targeting. These compounds were synthesized by using a two-stage click ligation procedure: a Cu(I) -catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ("copper-click" reaction) and a thio acid/sulfonyl azide amidation ("sulfo-click" reaction). The IC(50) values of these DOTA-conjugated [Tyr3]octreotate analogues were comparable, and internalization studies showed that the nine-atom (111) In-DOTA-labeled [Tyr3]octreotate dimer had rapid and high receptor binding. Biodistribution studies with BALB/c nude mice bearing subcutaneous AR42J tumors showed that the (111) In-labeled [Tyr3]octreotate dimer (nine atoms) had a high tumor uptake at 1 h p.i. (38.8 ± 8.3 % ID g(-1) ), and excellent tumor retention at 4 h p.i. (40.9 ± 2.5 % ID g(-1) ). However, the introduction of the extended hydrophilic 57 atoms spacer led to rapid clearance from the circulation; this limited tumor accumulation of the radiotracer (21.4 ± 4.9 % ID g(-1) at 1 h p.i.). These findings provide important insight on dimerization and spacer effects on the in vivo properties of DOTA-conjugated [Tyr3]octreotate dimers. 相似文献