An efficient elite group-based routing protocol for wireless sensor network

ABSTRACT

In recent days, due to the wide verities of applications of Wireless Sensor Networks, it gets recognition from research communities. As the sensor nodes are operated through limited battery capacity, how to utilise the battery power or energy in an optimum way is a major concern. In this paper, we have addressed the energy issue of wireless sensor networks. We have developed an energy-efficient routing protocol. This paper proposes the Novel Elite group concept where the cluster-head selection process is restricted to only a few high-energy nodes rather than all nodes in the network, which substantially reduces the number of cluster-head selection overhead in every iteration, decreases the energy consumption and increases network lifetime. Our method is compared with three well-known routing protocols, i.e. EECRP (Energy Efficient Centroid-Based Routing Protocol) protocol, NCBR (New Cooperative Balancing Routing Protocol) and Mod-LEACH (Modified low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol). We have conducted a simulation in NS-2 simulator. We have computed various network quality parameters like Throughput, transmission delay, analysis of the number of dead nodes (reciprocal of alive nodes) and energy dissipation with respect to the number of simulation rounds. The simulation results show that our proposed methodology outperforms the rest of the protocol.     

Crystal structure refinement of Bi1−xNdxFeO3 multiferroic by the Rietveld method

The effect of Nd doping on Bi_1?xNd_xFeO₃ (x = 0.0, 0.175, 0.20) multiferroics synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method has been investigated by Rietveld analysis of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) data. The formations of the single-phase compounds were confirmed by XRD. X-ray diffraction along with the Rietveld-refinement showed a gradual change in crystal structure from rhombohedral to triclinic with increasing Nd doping concentration. The bond distances along with bond angles between atoms for all the compounds were calculated which supports the structural results. Raman spectroscopy also recommends a structural change and is accompanied by the weakening of long-range ferroelectric order with increasing doping concentration (x). The results of Raman spectra for BiFeO₃ (BFO) match well with the earlier reported bulk ceramic and epitaxially grown thin film of BFO. The ferroelectric-paraelectric transition in 20% Nd BFO substituted was explained according to the change of Bi–O covalent bond as a result of decline of stereochemical activity of Bi lone pair electron and is further confirmed through ferroelectric polarization (P–E) hysteresis loop.     

Osmotic dehydration assisted impregnation of curcuminoids in coconut slices

Osmotic treatment was explored as a method to infuse curcuminoids in coconut slices. The rate of mass transfer of moisture, solid and curcuminoids with or without application of ultrasound were studied over a range of concentration of osmotic solutions (0-50%). The diffusion coefficient of curcuminoids was 1.64 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s, when water was used in place of osmotic solute which was further enhanced by the application of ultrasound to 1.87 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s. Increase in the concentration of osmotic solution beyond 25% resulted in reversal in the direction of moisture and solid mass transfer. Ultrasound treatment resulted in higher moisture and solid mass transfer due to the breaking of cell structure as revealed by microstructure examination. HPLC analysis revealed that all the curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin) were infused into the coconut matrix. The present study concluded that osmotic dehydration is a feasible technology for impregnation of functional ingredients into foods without altering its matrix.     

Detection of adulteration in milk: A review

Milk is a wholesome nutritious dairy product and is consumed by a majority of the population worldwide for drinking as such, as well as via dairy products. However, the practice of adulteration of milk invariably reduces its quality and may introduce hazardous substances into the dairy supply chain jeopardising consumers’ health. Various instances of adulteration of milk have been reported globally, wherein substances such as extraneous water, foreign proteins, whey proteins, melamine and urea, vegetable or animal fats, plus many minor constituents of milk fat have been added as potential adulterants in milk and milk products. This review focusses on the different methods of detection of these adulterants in milk using techniques such as DSC, RP‐HPLC, LC‐GC, HPTLC, immunoassays: CE, ELISA, FAMPST, FTIR, NIR spectroscopy, PAGE, IEF, DNA‐based methods and MALDI‐MS that have been developed and employed for the last 25 years. The combination of advanced IR spectroscopy and chemometrics provides a powerful tool for quality and authenticity analysis of milk. An electronic tongue is an easy and economic tool for the detection of caprine milk adulterations with bovine milk. Biosensors having the ability to furnish real‐time signals have been developed for the detection of urea in milk. An attempt has been made to give a clear understanding of the most suitable methods for the determination of various sources of adulteration.     

Sensory characterisation of a high‐protein beverage

This study investigated the use of sonication to increase the light transmission of protein solutions. Sonicating a five per cent whey/soy blend at pH 4 resulted in a threefold higher light transmission. Sensory analysis showed that panellists preferred the transparency of the sonicated beverage, whereas the smell and flavour of the control beverage were preferred. Overall appearance, colour and mouthfeel were not different. Panellists who preferred the control liked its creamy thickness, while those who preferred the sonicated liked the transparency. Data show that panellists who want a high protein content in their drinks are not looking for clear beverages.     

Fabrication and characterization of a multilayer PTCR thermistor

A method has been developed to decrease the room temperature resistance of a PTCR barium titanate ceramic by introducing internal electrodes in a configuration analogous to multilayer capacitors. A multilayer thermistor containing four (n=4) tape cast layers of PTCR barium titanate was fabricated with internal electrodes. A reference sample of the same PTCR barium titanate without internal electrodes was fabricated with the same external dimensions as those of the multilayer thermistor. As predicted by theory, it was found that the resistance of the multilayer thermistor is approximately 16 (n²=16) times smaller than the test specimen with little change in the PTCR effect of the multilayer thermistor.     

Shared cache architectures for decision support systems

In this paper we evaluate two shared-cache architectures for small-scale multiprocessors. We vary shared cache sizes from 8MB to 1GB, under various block sizes, cache organizations and sizes, and strategies for IO transactions. We use 12 bus trace samples obtained during the execution of a 100GB TPC-H on an eight-way multiprocessor.

To deal with the cold-start misses at the beginning of each sample, we identify the sure misses which are known to be misses in the full trace. The difference between the total number of misses and the number of sure misses is the zone of uncertainty, which may be hits or misses in the full trace. It turns out that the zone of uncertainty is small enough in most cases that useful conclusions can be drawn.

Our conclusions are that a single-cluster configuration with a shared cache—even a very small one—can be very effective for TPC-H. We also show that the coherence traffic between shared caches in a multiple cluster system is very high in the context of TPC-H.     

Effects of suction and free convection currents on the oscillatory flow past an infinite vertical porous plate with constant heat flux

Two-dimensional flow analysis of an incompressible, viscous fluid past an infinite porous vertical plate, in the presence of constant heat flux, has been presented. the effects of suction, free convection currents and free-stream oscillations have been considered and approximate solutions to the coupled non-linear equations have been derived in case of small amplitude oscillations. the solutions are derived for the mean velocity, the mean plate temperature, the mean skin-friction, the transient velocity, the transient temperature, the amplitude and phase of the skin-friction, and the first and second harmonics of the plate temperature. Velocity and temperature fields have been shown graphically whereas the numerical values of the other physical quantities are given in tabular form. During the course of discussion, the effects of γ (suction parameter), G(the Grashof number), E (Eckert number), P (Prandtl number and ω (frequency) have been discussed.     

Distortional buckling in monosymmetric I-beams: Reverse-curvature bending

This paper deals with distortional buckling in monosymmetric propped cantilever I-beams under two types of load: a central point load and a uniformly distributed load. Top-flange and bottom-flange load positions are considered. ABAQUS is used for the investigation. Moment modification factors are obtained and are compared with those based on Structural Stability Research Council Guidelines, which take into account lateral–torsion buckling only. It is seen that provisions in SSRC Guidelines seriously overestimate the critical load, especially for short beams.     

Conformational polymorphism in organic crystals

Polymorphs are different crystalline modifications of the same chemical substance. When different conformers of the same molecule occur in different crystal forms, the phenomenon is termed conformational polymorphism. Occasionally, more than one conformer is present in the same crystal structure. The influence of molecular conformation changes on the formation and stability of polymorphs is the focus of this Account. X-ray crystal structures of conformational polymorphs were analyzed to understand the interplay of intramolecular (conformer) and intermolecular (lattice) energy in the crystallization and stability of polymorphs. Polymorphic structures stabilized by strong O-H...O/N-H...O hydrogen bonds, weak C-H...O interactions, and close packing were considered. 4,4-Diphenyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone (1) and bis(p-tolyl) ketone p-tosylhydrazone (3) are prototypes of C-H...O and N-H...O hydrogen-bonded structures. Distance-angle scatter plots of O-H...O and C-H...O hydrogen bonds extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database indicate that polymorphs with a larger number of symmetry-independent molecules (high Z') generally have better interactions when compared with the polymorphs with lower Z' values, with the implication that these symmetry-independent molecules have different conformations. Since molecular conformer (E(conf)) and crystal lattice (U(latt)) energy differences are of the same magnitude in organic crystals (typically <5 kcal mol(-1)), situations wherein these two factors compensate or cancel one another are illustrative. Calculation of conformer and lattice energies using Gaussian 03 and Cerius(2) in 23 recently published polymorph sets shows that a strained conformer (higher E(conf)) is stabilized by stronger interactions or better crystal packing (lower U(latt)) in two-thirds of the cases, whereas there is no energy balance in the remaining structures. Organic molecules with flexible torsions and low-energy conformers have a greater likelihood of exhibiting polymorphism because (1) different conformations lead to new hydrogen-bonding and close-packing modes and (2) the tradeoff reduces the total energy difference between alternative crystal structures. As a test case, polymorph promiscuity in fuchsones (6) is related to the conformational diversity at the exo-methylene phenyl rings and the small energy difference computed for dimethyl fuchsone polymorphs. These ideas find application in the design of putative pharmaceutical polymorphs and crystal structure prediction.