不同鉴别阈值条件下SiPM光子计数激光雷达探测模型及性能分析

硅光电倍增管（Silicon Photomultiplier, SiPM）具有极高的探测灵敏度和响应速度,且在多光子条件下具有较高的动态范围以及线性响应的特性,在光子计数激光雷达应用中有独特的优势。然而,由于SiPM多像元、单时间通道的工作模式,其输出电压信号相较于其他单光子探测器更大概率出现脉冲堆叠现象,不同鉴别阈值条件下的SiPM探测过程更为复杂。针对该问题,本文建立了SiPM光子事件响应模型,以此为基础分析了由脉冲堆叠引发的屏蔽效应和触发效应两种特殊情况的时域分布,最终建立了SiPM半解析的探测概率与虚警概率模型。同时,搭建了基于SiPM探测器的光子计数雷达系统,通过观察实测输出电压波形以及光子点云分布与理论模型相符（R²>0.95）。通过查全率与查准率对不同鉴别阈值的SiPM光子点云分布进行定量评价,并给出最优鉴别阈值区间,这对基于SiPM的光子计数激光雷达系统硬件参数的优化设计以及探测性能的定量分析具有重要的指导意义。     

被动踝足外骨骼对平地行走时运动表现的影响

被动踝关节外骨骼(unpowered-ankle exoskeleton)可实现人体步态行走良好辅助作用,但对其助行增强效果研究多局限于跑步机行走范式,现少有在平地行走下穿戴外骨骼对穿戴者运动生物力学影响的研究。本研究设计组装了一款低成本模块化的被动踝关节外骨骼,首次研究了平地行走下穿戴被动踝关节外骨骼对健康年轻穿戴者肌肉激活与运动表现的影响。实验招募5名穿戴者,在无外骨骼、仅穿戴外骨骼框架和穿戴外骨骼3种实验条件下完成直线行走任务,过程中同步采集人体下肢主要肌群的肌电和关节运动轨迹。提取了肌电激活特征和关节角度特征,采用双因素方差分析方法揭示了不同外骨骼穿戴状态对相关特征的影响。结果表明,外骨骼框架会对人体提供支撑,降低站立阶段腓肠肌内侧肌肉激活。而穿戴外骨骼在站立阶段使腓肠肌内侧的平均肌肉激活显著降低20%,也显著降低了踝关节的峰值力矩及功率。外骨骼会使髋膝关节的运动学和动力学表现发生变化,这可能与下肢关节间的能量交换有关。因此,被动踝关节外骨骼可在平地行走下对踝关节实现支撑相和推离阶段有效辅助,但穿戴者同时也会适应外骨骼穿戴而改变其步态。     

源荷双边参与的高比例新能源电力系统能量与备用市场联合出清方法

风光出力的随机性与反调峰特性增加了电网对新能源的消纳难度。利用源侧、荷侧的灵活可调节特性,设计源荷双边参与规则,引导源荷进行跨时间的双向功率协调以支撑清洁能源高效消纳。首先,梳理源荷双边参与的基本原则与原理,明确交易主体、品种以及模式并设计其参与规则。然后,基于源荷双边参与规则,构建计及源荷双边参与的日前能量与备用联合优化调度模型,在促进新能源消纳的同时降低工业用户用电成本。其次,针对多场景混合整数规划的求解难题,采用改进的渐进式对冲分解算法进行求解,通过启发式的变量“固定-筛选-松弛”,保证模型的收敛性。最后,基于IEEE 118系统进行算例分析,验证了所提能量与备用联合出清模型在促进新能源消纳方面的有效性。     

新型LTCC高隔离低插损3dB90°电桥设计

基于宽边耦合带状线结构,该文设计了一种基于低温共烧陶瓷(LTCC)技术的高隔离低插损3 dB 90°电桥。该电桥使用螺旋耦合线有效地减小了器件尺寸,同时以对称式结构建模更便于后期的优化调整。在宽边螺旋耦合带状线垂直方向引入一个伸入式可调隔离电容,极大地提高了该电桥的隔离度,使其可达27 dB,且插入损耗≤0.2 dB,较之传统的定向耦合器结构,其在提升性能的同时大幅减小了器件尺寸。对耦合线直角拐弯处的电场强度进行分析与优化,采用45°斜切的方式使拐角处的电场强度与直线处大致相等。对上接地金属板进行环形镂空处理,这将改善带内的幅度平衡度。该文设计的3 dB 90°电桥通带为0.96~1.53 GHz,插入损耗≤0.2 dB,幅度平衡度≤±0.7 dB,相位平衡度为90°±1°,隔离度≥27 dB,其具有良好的应用市场。     

一种电力光传输网运行状态评估方法

针对现有电力光传输网评估方法考虑方面单一、主观性占比多等问题,提出了一种电力光传输网运行状态评估方法。首先从设备、光缆和系统3个维度选取指标,从网络规模、运行质量和管理因素3个方面建立评估指标体系,设计重叠信息分析法对评估指标体系进行优化。其次改进基于区间模糊层次分析法和熵权法的主客观组合权重赋值法计算指标权重。然后设计基于模糊综合评价法、效用函数法、可拓耦合评价法以及组合评估方法的运行状态评估算法评估光传输网运行状态。通过真实实例分析,验证了该方法能够更加全面、客观地评估光传输网的运行状态,辨识电力光传输网薄弱环节,为运维、检修和规划建设提供参考。     

Single-Atom Metal Sites Anchored Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks for Superior “Two-In-One” Photocatalytic Reaction

Photoredox catalysis is a green solution for organics transformation and CO₂ conversion into valuable fuels, meeting the challenges of sustainable energy and environmental concerns. However, the regulation of single-atomic active sites in organic framework not only influences the photoredox performance, but also limits the understanding of the relationship for photocatalytic selective organic conversion with CO₂ valorization into one reaction system. As a prototype, different single-atomic metal (M) sites (M²⁺ = Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺) in hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (M-HOF) backbone with bridging structure of metal-nitrogen are constructed by a typical “two-in-one” strategy for superior photocatalytic C N coupling reactions integrated with CO₂ valorization. Remarkably, Zn-HOF achieves 100% conversion of benzylamine oxidative coupling reactions, 91% selectivity of N-benzylidenebenzylamine and CO₂ conversion in one photoredox cycle. From X-ray absorption fine structure analysis and density functional theory calculations, the superior photocatalytic performance is attributed to synergic effect of atomically dispersed metal sites and HOF host, decreasing the reaction energy barriers, enhancing CO₂ adsorption and forming benzylcarbamic acid intermediate to promote the redox recycle. This work not only affords the rational design strategy of single-atom active sites in functional HOF, but also facilitates the fundamental insights upon the mechanism of versatile photoredox coupling reaction systems.     

Photobreeding Heterojunction on Semiconductor Materials for Enhanced Photocatalysis

Construction of heterojunctions to photocatalysts is one of the most promising approaches to improve charge separation efficiency; however, the established constructing processes usually require high-temperature conditions and/or the adding of highly concentrated or expensive exotic species, and the improvement of effective contact and charge exchange between heterojunction components remains a problem. This work proposes an unprecedented “photobreeding” method and realizes the direct growth of Zn nanowires and Mott–Schottky heterojunctions from ZnS or viologen-coated ZnS microspheres through a photochemical reaction at room temperature without external species, while demonstrating the hypothesis proposed 140 years ago on the formation of Zn in the photochromic process of ZnS. After photobreeding of the heterojunctions, the hydrogen production efficiency of the photocatalysts increases by 2 orders of magnitude. This inexpensive, facile and efficient synthetic method will find applications in H₂ production, organic synthesis, CO₂ reduction, nitrogen fixation, and so on.     

Development of an Asymmetric Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Ultrathin Graphene Oxide Membrane as Actuator and Conformable Patch for Heart Repair

A conductive engineered cardiac patch (ECP) can reconstruct the biomimetic regenerative microenvironment of an infarcted myocardium. Direct ink writing (DIW) and 3D printing can produce an ECP with precisely controlled microarchitectures. However, developing a printed ECP with high conductivity and flexibility for gapless attachment to conform to epicardial geometry remains a challenge. Herein, an asymmetrical DIW hydrophobic/hydrophilic membrane using heat-processed graphene oxide (GO) ink is developed. The “Masked spin coating” method is also developed that leads to a microscale GO (hydrophilic)/reduced GO (rGO, hydrophobic) physiological sensor, as well as a macroscale moisture-driven GO/rGO actuator. Depositing mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) coating on the one side of the DIW rGO , the ultrathin (approximately 500 nm) PDA-rGO (hydrophilic)/rGO (hydrophobic) microlattice (DrGOM) ECP is bestowed with the flexibility and moisture-responsive actuation that allows gapless attachment to the curved surface of the epicardium. Conformable DrGOM exhibits a promising therapeutic effect on rats' infarcted hearts through conductive microenvironment reconstruction and improved neovascularization.     

Toward Flexible Embodied Energy: Scale-Inspired Overlapping Lithium-Ion Batteries with High-Energy-Density and Variable Stiffness

High performance flexible batteries are essential ingredients for flexible devices. However, general isolated flexible batteries face critical challenges in developing multifunctional embodied energy systems, owing to the lack of integrative design. Herein, inspired by scales in creatures, overlapping flexible lithium-ion batteries (FLIBs) consisting of energy storage scales and connections using LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ (NCM523) and graphite electrodes are presented. The scale-dermis structure ensures a high energy density of 374.4 Wh L⁻¹ as well as a high capacity retention of 93.2% after 200 charge/discharge cycles and 40 000 bending times. A variable stiffness property is revealed that can be controlled by battery configurations and deformation modes. Furthermore, the overlapping FLIBs can be housed directly into the architecture of several flexible devices, such as robots and grippers, allowing to create multifunctionalities that go far beyond energy storage and include load-bearing and variable flexibility. This study broadens the versatility of FLIBs toward energy storage structure engineering of flexible devices.     

Doped/Undoped A1-A2 Typed Copolymers as ETLs for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells

The electron transport layer (ETL) is a critical component in achieving high device performance and stability in organic solar cells. Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) have become an attractive alternative due to film-forming properties and ease of preparation. However, p-type CPEs generally exhibit poor charge mobility and conductivity, incorporation of electron-withdrawing units forming alternated D-A conjugated backbone can make up for these deficiencies. Herein, the ratio of electron withdrawing moieties are further increased and two poly(A1-alt-A2) typed PIIDNDI-Br and PDPPNDI-Br based on the combination of naphthalene diimide (NDI) with isoindigo (IID) or diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) via direct arylation polycondensation are synthesized. These CPEs possess excellent alcohol solubility, a suitable lowest unocuppied molecular orbital energy level, and work function tunability. Surprisingly, the incorporation of IID and DPP units generate distinct self-doping behaviors, which are confirmed by UV–vis absorption and ESR spectra. However, no matter doped or undoped, both CPEs present better charge-transporting properties and conductivity when utilized as ETLs. The PIIDNDI-Br and PDPPNDI-Br display good universal compatibility with the blend of PM6:Y6 and PM6:L8-BO, and PCEs of 18.32% and 18.36% are obtained, respectively, which also present excellent storage stability. In short, the combination of two different acceptors demonstrates an efficient strategy to design highly efficient ETLs for high performance photovoltaic devices.